不公平厌恶分为不利不公平厌恶和有利不公平厌恶。为了考察儿童不公平厌恶的发展特点,实验1和实验2通过设置真实的分配情境,采用分配额外资源任务的变式,分别研究分配方式和内外群体对5~7岁儿童不利不公平厌恶的影响以及分配方式和声誉对7~9岁儿童有利不公平厌恶的影响。结果发现：不利不公平厌恶随儿童年龄增长而降低,7岁是转折年龄; 有利不公平厌恶随儿童年龄增长而升高,8岁是转折年龄; 自我分配和内群体成员引起的不利不公平厌恶低于他人分配和外群体成员,但两种分配方式下的儿童有利不公平厌恶均较低; 声誉会增加儿童的有利不公平厌恶,且在年龄上表现出不平衡性。研究说明儿童两类不公平厌恶的年龄发展趋势不同,并且会受到分配方式以及内外群体或声誉等因素的影响。
Abstract
Fairness is a social norm to regulate people’s communication. The individual’s negative feeling and strong reaction to unfairness characterize inequity aversion, which can be divided into disadvantageous inequity aversion and advantageous inequity aversion. Previous studies have shown that the development of children’s inequity aversion was affected by a variety of factors, but the questions of whether different distribution modes would affect children’s two types of inequity aversion, and how distribution mode influences the two types of inequity aversion under the influence of ingroup and outgroup or reputation and other factors are still needed to be further explored. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to explore the developmental characteristics of children’s disadvantageous and advantageous inequity aversions.
In experiment 1, 240 children aged 5, 6, and 7 were selected as participants in a real assignment situation. The developmental characteristics of children’s disadvantageous inequity aversion under the different distribution modes and whether it was influenced by the factor of ingroup and outgroup were investigated by using a modified paradigm of assignment of additional resources. The results showed that: (1) The disadvantageous inequity aversion decreased with the growth of children’s age, and 7-year-old was the turning point. (2) Children’s disadvantageous inequity aversion caused by self-distribution was significantly lower than that caused by others-distribution. (3) Children’s disadvantageous inequity aversion caused by ingroup members was significantly lower than that caused by outgroup members. (4) Children’s disadvantageous inequity aversion caused by the ingroup members was significantly lower than that caused by the outgroup members under the condition of self-distribution, while there was no significant difference in children’s disadvantageous inequity aversion caused by the ingroup and outgroup members under the condition of others-distribution. (5) The 6-year-old children’s disadvantageous inequity aversion caused by self-distribution was significantly lower than that caused by others-distribution. However, there was no significant difference between 5- and 7-year-old children in the disadvantageous inequity aversion caused by the two distribution modes.
In experiment 2, 240 children aged 7, 8, and 9 were selected as participants in a real assignment situation. The developmental characteristics of children’s advantageous inequity aversion under the different distribution modes and whether it was influenced by the factor of reputation were investigated by using the modified paradigm of assignment of additional resources. The results were as follows: (1) The advantageous inequity aversion increased as children grew older, and 8-year-old was the turning point. (2) Children’s advantageous inequity aversion caused by reputation was significantly higher than that caused by no reputation. For children aged 7- and 9-year-old, their advantageous inequity aversion caused by reputation was significantly higher than that caused by no reputation, while there was no significant difference in the 8-year-old children’s advantageous inequity aversion between the condition of reputation and no reputation. (3) The effect of distribution mode on advantageous inequity aversion was not significant, and children’s advantageous inequity aversion under both two distribution modes was low.
In conclusion, the research showed that children’s two types of inequity aversion have different developmental patterns, and can be affected by the distribution mode and the factors such as ingroup and outgroup or reputation.
关键词
不公平厌恶 /
不利不公平厌恶 /
有利不公平厌恶 /
分配方式 /
内外群体 /
声誉
Key words
inequity aversion /
disadvantageous inequity aversion /
advantageous inequity aversion /
distribution mode /
ingroup and outgroup /
reputation
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DOI:10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20240114
基金
*本研究得到江苏高校哲学社会科学研究重大项目（2019SJZDA137）、江苏省教育科学规划重点课题（B/2022/04/48）和国家社会科学基金青年项目（21CSH089）的资助
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