通过三个子研究本文探讨了物质主义与亲社会倾向/行为间关系的情境性,并检验了地位寻求动机的中介作用。结果表明：物质主义负向预测匿名亲社会倾向与行为,但对公开亲社会倾向或行为的预测作用不显著;地位寻求中介了公开情境中物质主义与亲社会行为的关系,但未能中介匿名情境中物质主义与亲社会行为的关系;启动地位寻求可以整体提升公开情境中的亲社会意愿与行为。综上所述,高物质主义者具备更强的地位寻求动机,这能够缓冲物质主义者的低亲社会意愿,使其在公开情境中表现出更多的亲社会行为。
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the relation between materialism and prosocial behavior in different situational contexts, as well as the mediating role of status aspiration motivation. A substantial body of research indicates that materialism exerts a negative influence on prosocial behavior. Nonetheless, some studies also suggest that materialism does not necessarily lead to negative moral consequences in all situations. This study highlights that the inconsistent findings regarding the relationship between materialism and prosocial behavior are due to different measures of prosocial behavior. A crucial situational factor is anonymity, as differences in prosocial behavior under public versus anonymous conditions indicate that social incentives play an important role. Materialists prioritize the display of their status and wealth within relevant social circles, and their prosocial behavior is often linked to public displays. Therefore, this study hypothesized that materialists may have a higher motivation for status aspiration, and this motivation may explain the diverse relation between materialism and prosocial behavior across different situations.
The research consisted of three sub-studies. Study 1 employed classic scales, including the Material Value Scale (MVS), the Status Aspiration subscale from the Achievement Motivation Measure, and the Prosocial Tendencies Measure (PTM), to assess materialism, status aspiration, public and anonymous prosocial tendencies. Correlation analysis and mediation analysis were employed to examine the relationships among these variables. Study 2 employed a donation task paradigm in which participants indicated their willingness to donate and the amount they would donate. This was done to assess the prosocial behavior of materialists in public versus anonymous contexts, and to examine the mediating role of status aspiration. Study 3 utilized a causal chain design, manipulating status aspiration in public context to further explore the mediating role of status aspiration motivation. The total sample size across the three studies was 938 participants.
The research findings indicated that: (1) In the questionnaire-based study (Study 1), materialism negatively correlated with anonymous prosocial tendencies (r = -.27, p<.001) and overall prosocial tendencies (r = -.18, p<.001), but did not significantly correlate with public prosocial tendencies (r = .10, p = .063). Status aspiration mediated the relation between materialism and prosocial tendencies contexts difference (public-anonymous) (Total effect = .39, 95%CI = [.00, .26]; indirect effect = .12, 95%CI = [.07, .18]; proportion of mediation = 30.77%). (2) In the donation task (Study 2), materialism negatively predicted donation willingness (Effect = -.38, Boot SE = .13, t = -2.88**) and donation amount (Effect = -1.92, Boot SE = 2.11, t = -5.17***) in anonymous contexts, but did not significantly predict donation willingness (Effect = .13, Boot SE = .11, t = 1.18) and donation amount in public contexts (Effect = -.65, Boot SE = 1.79, t = -.36). Status aspiration mediated the relationship between materialism and prosocial behaviors in public contexts (for donation willingness Effect = .09, Boot SE = .05, 95%CI = [.01, .20]; for donation amount Effect = 3.08, Boot SE = .79, 95%CI = [1.74, 4.90]), but did not mediate the relationship between materialism and prosocial behaviors in anonymous contexts (for donation willingness Effect = .03, Boot SE = .05, 95%CI = [-.06, .12]; For donation amount Effect = .78, Boot SE = .61, 95%CI = [-.32, 2.18]), indicating a mediator suppression effect. (3) Initiating status aspiration (Study 3) enhanced both public donation willingness (β = .37, t = 4.24***) and public donation amount (β = .35, t = 4.08***) for all participants, with a stronger effect on the donation amount among materialists in public contexts (Effect = 3.79, Boot SE = 1.99, t = 1.91, p = .059).
The findings suggest that status aspiration motivation alleviated the negative correlation between materialism and prosocial behavior, especially in public settings. The findings addressed the paradox noted in prior research concerning the association between materialism and prosocial behavior, elucidating the crucial situational factors influencing this connection. The study further delves into the motivational origins of these situational variations, providing a valuable complement to comprehending the behavioral motivations of materialists and the reasons for prosocial behavior. Moreover, the results offer practical approaches and methods for promoting and cultivating prosocial behavior, particularly among individuals with high levels of materialism.
关键词
物质主义 /
亲社会倾向 /
亲社会行为 /
地位寻求 /
地位动机
Key words
materialism /
prosocial tendency /
prosocial behavior /
status aspiration /
status motivation
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基金
*本研究得到教育部人文社会科学研究项目（19YJC710066）的资助
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