家庭功能与儿童心理健康的关系：一项三水平元分析&#x0002A;

乔玥; 黄潇潇; 俞国良

doi:10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20250617

PDF(2982 KB)

心理科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (6) : 1497-1515. DOI: 10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20250617

新时代社会心理服务研究

家庭功能与儿童心理健康的关系：一项三水平元分析^*

乔玥¹, 黄潇潇^2,3, 俞国良^**4

作者信息 +

The Relationship between Family Function and Children’s Mental Health: A Three-Level Meta-Analysis

Qiao Yue¹, Huang Xiaoxiao^2,3, Yu Guoliang⁴

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

家庭是社会基本单元,其功能健全与否关乎儿童心理健康,而当前研究对家庭功能探讨有限,部分家庭功能维度与儿童心理健康的关系存在争议。研究用三水平元分析梳理96篇文献（含238个效应量,253383人）,经相对权重分析探讨家庭功能各维度对儿童心理健康影响的贡献。结果表明,良好的家庭功能能降低儿童抑郁、焦虑的风险,提高其幸福感水平;家庭功能不同维度对心理健康的影响存在差异,家庭情感与家庭沟通维度对焦虑和抑郁影响较大,家庭沟通和家庭问题解决维度对幸福感影响突出;发表时间、学龄段、文化背景等因素在两者间起调节作用。研究结果支持了家庭功能与儿童心理健康线性相关的理论假设,揭示了不同维度的重要性,为家庭教育和家庭干预措施提供了指导与方向。

Abstract

As the fundamental building block of society, the integrity and soundness of family functions not only lay a solid foundation for the smooth operation of family production and daily life but also constitute a crucial determinant in children's mental health. However, the extant research on family functions is rather limited and one-sided. Disputes linger over the correlations between certain family function dimensions and children's mental health. Additionally, due to the intricate and multifaceted nature of family function concepts and dimensions, a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the relationship between family functions and children's mental health remains lacking.
Consequently, this study conducted an extensive literature retrieval from six major databases, namely Web of Science Core Collection, PsychINFO, Eric, PsychArticles, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). After a meticulous screening process, a total of 96 relevant studies were identified, published between 2010 and 2023. These encompassed 96 independent samples, 238 effect values, and involved 253,383 subjects. Based on mental health indicators, the studies were categorized into three sub-datasets. Notably, the average quality of the literature in each of the three subsets was 6, exceeding the theoretical average score, thereby indicating to the relatively high overall quality of the selected literature. This study then employed a three-level meta-analysis and a random effects model to rigorously investigate the relationship between children's mental health and family functions. Through a detailed relative weight analysis, it delved into the specific contributions of each dimension of family functions, namely family affectiveness, family communication, family norms, and family problem-solving, to children's mental health.
The results manifested as follows: (1) Sound family functions were capable of mitigating the risks of children developing anxiety and depressive emotions and effectively enhancing their sense of well-being. (2) There existed significant disparities in the contributions of different family function dimensions. In the context of depression, the contributions in descending order were family emotion (40.49%), family communication (19.97%), family norms (19.94%), and family problem-solving (19.60%). For anxiety, the contributions in descending order were family emotion (53.14%), family communication (21.86%), family norms (14.86%), and family problem-solving (10.14%). With regard to the sense of well-being, the contributions of family communication (44.11%) and family problem-solving (27.19%) were more prominent than those of family emotion (17.39%) and family norms (11.31%). (3) Cultural background and school age served as moderating variables in the relationship between family functions and depression, while the publication time of literature, family function dimensions, and cultural background played moderating roles in the relationship between family functions and the sense of well-being.
This study supports the theoretical propositions of process-oriented family functions, affirming the linear correlation between family functions and mental health. It systematically probed into the intrinsic relationship between family functions and children's mental health, thereby elucidating the pivotal position and unique role of its protective factors. It also unearthed the significant roles that family emotion and family communication play in children's mental health and discerned the distinctive influence of family problem-solving on the sense of well-being. The moderating effects in this study imply that the relationship between family functions and children's mental health harbors rich cultural diversity, pronounced stage characteristics, and dynamic temporal evolution.
These discoveries can furnish valuable research directions for subsequent in-depth investigations, actively contribute to the precise definition and clarification of the concept of family functions. They can also offer a diverse range of practical bases for fields such as family education, family intervention, and family rehabilitation in the future, assist parents in more purposefully optimizing the family environment and implementing the concept of scientific parenting, and concurrently provide a focal point for family mental health education and related services.

导出引用

乔玥, 黄潇潇, 俞国良. 家庭功能与儿童心理健康的关系：一项三水平元分析^*[J]. 心理科学. 2025, 48(6): 1497-1515 https://doi.org/10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20250617

Qiao Yue, Huang Xiaoxiao, Yu Guoliang. The Relationship between Family Function and Children’s Mental Health: A Three-Level Meta-Analysis[J]. Journal of Psychological Science. 2025, 48(6): 1497-1515 https://doi.org/10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20250617

参考文献

(注:纳入元分析的文献详见开源网址https://osf.io/vmd4r)
[1] 常红. (2014). 幼儿心理健康与家庭功能的特点及关系研究 (硕士学位论文). 安徽师范大学, 芜湖.
[2] 陈美荣, 郭思佳. (2024). 家庭功能对幼儿同理心的影响研究. 南昌师范学院学报, 45(4), 114-120.
[3] 董倩, 马青艳, 姜文慧, 王崴, 马现仓. (2024). 同伴关系与环境敏感性对青春期女性心理健康的影响及其相互作用的理论模型. 中国妇幼健康研究, 35(2), 8-15.
[4] 方俊燕, 张敏强. (2020). 元回归中效应量的最小个数需求:基于统计功效和估计精度.心理科学进展, 28(4), 673-686.
[5] 方晓义, 徐洁, 孙莉, 张锦涛. (2004). 家庭功能:理论、影响因素及其与青少年社会适应的关系. 心理科学进展, 4, 544-553.
[6] 高文. (1999). 维果茨基心理发展理论与社会建构主义. 外国教育资料, 4, 10-14.
[7] 顾泓. (2022). 家庭功能与青少年焦虑和抑郁的关系:时间洞察力的中介作用 (硕士学位论文). 西南大学, 重庆.
[8] 海曼, 熊俊梅, 龚少英, 秦屹, 高苗苗. (2015). 心理健康双因素模型指标的再探讨及稳定性研究. 心理科学, 38(6), 1404-1410.
[9] 江光荣, 王铭. (2003). 大学生心理求助行为研究. 中国临床心理学杂志, 11(3), 180-184.
[10] 李妮妮. (2015). 中学生问题行为现状调查及其受家庭因素影响分析研究 (硕士学位论文). 江西师范大学, 南昌.
[11] 林细英, 林炜. (2024). 父母教养方式对青少年交往焦虑的影响:家庭适应性的调节作用. 中小学心理健康教育, 8, 14-18.
[12] 刘翔平. (1988). 沙利文人际关系理论简介. 心理学动态, 2, 11-17.
[13] 宋静静, 李董平, 谷传华, 赵力燕, 鲍振宙, 王艳辉. (2014). 父母控制与青少年问题性网络使用:越轨同伴交往的中介效应. 心理发展与教育, 30(3), 303-311.
[14] 田婧. (2023). 家庭教养方式与幼儿心理健康的关系研究. 陕西学前师范学院学报, 39(7), 84-94.
[15] 王娟, 邹泓, 侯珂, 汤玉龙, 王明珠, 王英芊. (2016). 青少年家庭功能对其主观幸福感的影响:同伴依恋和亲社会行为的序列中介效应. 心理科学, 39(6), 1406-1412.
[16] 王丽明, 辛彦君. (2024). 高校学生生活方式选择对其心理健康的作用探讨. 心理月刊, 19(19), 81-84.
[17] 王鑫强, 张大均. (2011). 心理健康双因素模型述评及其研究展望. 中国特殊教育, 10, 68-73.
[18] 汪燕妮, 薛红丽, 陈倩. (2016). 家庭亲密度和适应性对学龄前儿童行为问题的影响. 中国当代儿科杂志, 18(5), 421-425.
[19] 温福华, 周焕南, 涂南萍, 张敏, 袁均益, 范方. (2023). 家庭功能与中小学生睡眠障碍及抑郁症状的关系. 中国学校卫生, 44(5), 664-667.
[20] 文思雁, 于旭晨, 金磊, 宫俊如, 张晓函, 孙敬林, 张杉, 吕厚超. (2024). 儿童青少年家庭功能障碍与心理健康关系的三水平元分析.心理科学进展, 32(5), 771-789.
[21] 吴帆. (2017). 中国家庭功能变化与家庭发展能力建设. 人口与计划生育, 9, 35-37.
[22] 吴潜涛, 刘函池. (2018). 中华优秀传统家风的主要表征及其当代转换与发展. 中国高校社会科学, 1, 112-122.
[23] 吴庆兴. (2012). 青少年焦虑的发展与家庭功能、依恋质量的关系 (硕士学位论文). 山东师范大学, 济南.
[24] 杨宝琰, 万明钢. (2008). 跨文化心理学中的压力和应对研究. 心理科学, 4, 925-928.
[25] 杨菊华. (2024). 优秀传统文化赋能中国式现代化——以家文化为例. 中国特色社会主义研究, 5, 67-78.
[26] 杨晓宏, 党建宁. (2014). 翻转课堂教学模式本土化策略研究——基于中美教育文化差异比较的视角. 中国电化教育, 11, 101-110.
[27] 杨颖, 鲁小周, 孔风. (2022). 亲子沟通对初中生性心理健康的影响:社会支持与应对方式的多重中介作用. 中国临床心理学杂志, 30(4), 842-846.
[28] 俞国良. (2022). 心理健康的新诠释:幸福感视角. 北京师范大学学报(社会科学版), 10(1), 72-81.
[29] 俞国良, 黄潇潇. (2023). 学生心理健康问题检出率比较:元分析的证据. 教育研究, 44(6), 105-121.
[30] 俞国良, 赵成佳. (2024). “直升机教养”对青少年发展的影响:元分析的证据. 教育科学研究, 3, 84-90.
[31] 曾灿, 余超, 蒲唯丹, 廖素群. (2024). 亲子疏离对青少年非自杀性自伤行为的影响:有调节的中介模型. 中国临床心理学杂志, 32(3), 566-570.
[32] 张金勇, 罗凯, 王雯颖. (2024). 高中生家庭支持、生活事件与心理健康的关系:应对方式的中介作用. 贵州师范学院学报, 40(9), 68-75.
[33] 张文, 许金珂, 米国琳, 简佳, 张艳, 邱惠敏. (2016). 山东省某城区初中生心理健康与家庭功能调查研究. 精神医学杂志, 29(2), 93-97.
[34] 张亚利, 李森, 俞国良. (2019). 自尊与社交焦虑的关系:基于中国学生群体的元分析. 心理科学进展, 27(6), 1005-1018.
[35] 张雅明, 俞国良. (2004). 青春期前期学生心理健康发展趋势和性别差异. 中国临床心理学杂志, 4, 380-382.
[36] 张志学. (1990). 家庭系统理论的发展与现状. 心理学探新, 1, 31-34.
[37] Alegria M., Alvarez K., Cheng M., & Falgas-Bague I. (2023). Recent advances on social determinants of mental health: Looking fast forward. American Journal of Psychiatry, 180(7), 473-482.
[38] Alegria M., NeMoyer A., Bague I. F., Wang Y., & Alvarez K. (2018). Social determinants of mental health: Where we are and where we need to go. Current Psychiatry Reports, 20(11), 95.
[39] Allen, J. G., & Haccoun, D. M. (1976). Sex differences in emotionality: A multidimensional approach. Human Relations, 29(8), 711-722.
[40] Assink, M., & Wibbelink, C. J. M. (2016). Fitting three-level meta-analytic models in R: A step-by-step tutorial. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 12(3), 154-174.
[41] Assink M., Van der Put, C. E., Meeuwsen M. W., de Jong N. M., Oort F. J., Stams G. J. J., & Hoeve M. (2019). Risk factors for child sexual abuse victimization: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 145(5), 459.
[42] Bandura A., Adams N., & Beyer J. (1977). Cognitive-processes mediating behavioral change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(3), 125-139.
[43] Barnhill, L. R. (1979). Healthy family systems . Fam Coordinator, 28(1), 94-100.
[44] Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior. Child Development, 37, 887-907.
[45] Beavers, R., & Hampson, R. B. (2000). The beavers systems model of family functioning. Journal of Family Therapy, 22(2), 128-143.
[46] Beavers, W., & Voeller, M. (1983). Family models-comparing and contrasting the olson circumplex model with the beavers systems-model. Family Process, 22(1), 85-98.
[47] Beckwith S., Chandra-Mouli V., & Blum R. W. (2024). Trends in adolescent health: Successes and challenges from 2010 to the present. Journal of Adolescent Health, 75(4), S9-S19.
[48] Bishara, A. J., & Hittner, J. B. (2012). Testing the significance of a correlation with nonnormal data: Comparison of Pearson, Spearman, transformation, and resampling approaches. Psychological Methods, 17(3), 399.
[49] Borenstein M., Cooper H., Hedges L., & Valentine J. (2009). Effect sizes for continuous data. The Handbook of Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis, 2, 221-235.
[50] Brody, L. R. (1997). Gender and emotion: Beyond stereotypes. Journal of Social Issues, 53(2), 369-393.
[51] Chai X., Du H., Li X., Su S., & Lin D. (2019). What really matters for loneliness among left-behind children in rural China: A meta-analytic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 774.
[52] Chen H., Wang X., Wang P., Zhan L., Huang Z., Sun X., & Zhang L. (2024). Timing matters in stress appraisal: The relationship between retrospective appraisal and stress responses. Biological Psychology, 193, 108892.
[53] Chen Y., Hu R., Xu X., Hong B., Zhang J., Jia P., & Zhao L. (2023). The effect of mental health status and family function on nonsuicidal self-injury: A longitudinal of Chinese children and adolescents. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 16, 4491-4500.
[54] Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155-159.
[55] Cook, R. (1977). Detection of influential observation in linear-regression. Technometrics, 19(1), 15-18.
[56] Cui M., Janhonen-Abruquah H., & Darling C. A. (2022). Parent-child communication, relationship quality, and female young adult children' s well-being in us and finland. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 52(4), 648-667.
[57] Daily, G. C., & Matson, P. A. (2008). Ecosystem services: From theory to implementation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(28), 9455-9456.
[58] Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542-575.
[59] Dou Q., Chang R., & Xu H. (2023). Body dissatisfaction and social anxiety among adolescents: A moderated mediation model of feeling of inferiority, family cohesion and friendship quality. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 18(3), 1469-1489.
[60] Egger M., Smith G. D., Schneider M., & Minder C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. British Medical Journal, 315(7109), 629.
[61] Elgar F. J., Craig W., & Trites S. J. (2013). Family dinners, communication, and mental health in canadian adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(4), 433-438.
[62] Epstein N., Bishop D., & Levin S. (1978). Mcmaster model of family functioning. Journal of Marriage and Family Counseling, 4(4), 19-31.
[63] Fan J., Ni X., Wang Y., Qian Y., Li X., & Geng Y. (2023). Parent-child discrepancies in perceived parental emotion socialization: Associations with children' s internalizing and externalizing problems in Chinese families. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 52(3), 547-560.
[64] Folkman S., Lazarus R., Dunkelschetter C., Delongis A., & Gruen R. (1986). Dynamics of a stressful encounter-cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(5), 992-1003.
[65] Fosco, G. M., & Lydon Staley, D. M. (2020). Implications of family cohesion and conflict for adolescent mood and well being: Examining within and between family processes on a daily timescale. Family Process, 59(4), 1672-1689.
[66] Gaia J. W. P., Schuch F. B., Ferreira R. W., Souza E. D. L., Ferreira V. M. S., & Pires D. A. (2024). Effects of high-intensity interval training on depressive and anxiety symptoms in healthy individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 34(4), e14618.
[67] Glass J., Simon R. W., & Andersson M. A. (2016). Parenthood and happiness: Effects of work-family reconciliation policies in 22 OECD countries. American Journal of Sociology, 122(3), 886-929.
[68] González Caño, A., & Rodríguez Naranjo, C. (2024). The McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD) dimensions involved in the prediction of adolescent depressive symptoms and their mediating role in regard to socioeconomic status. Family Process, 63(1), 414-427.
[69] Greenspoon, P. J., & Saklofske, D. H. (2001). Toward an integration of subjective well-being and psychopathology. Social Indicators Research, 54(1), 81-108.
[70] Guo X., Jiao R., & Wang J. (2024). Connections between parental emotion socialization and internalizing problems in adolescents: Examining the mediating role of emotion regulation strategies and moderating effect of gender. Behavioral Sciences, 14(8), 660.
[71] Hajal, N. J., & Paley, B. (2020). Parental emotion and emotion regulation: A critical target of study for research and intervention to promote child emotion socialization. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 403-417.
[72] Hankin B. L., Young J. F., Abela J. R. Z., Smolen A., Jenness J. L., Gulley L. D., Technow J. R., Gottlieb A. B., Cohen J. R., & Oppenheimer C. W. (2015). Depression from childhood into late adolescence: Influence of gender, development, genetic susceptibility, and peer stress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124(4), 803-816.
[73] Hobfoll, S. (1989). Conservation of resources-a new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524.
[74] Hofstede, G. (2005). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. McGraw-Hill.
[75] Holmes M. R., Bender A. E., O'Donnell K. A., Miller E. K., & Conard I. T. (2024). Illuminating the landscape of sibling relationship quality: An evidence and gap map. Child Development, 95(4), 1425-1440.
[76] Hovenkamp-Hermelink J. H., Jeronimus B. F., Myroniuk S., Riese H., & Schoevers R. A. (2021). Predictors of persistence of anxiety disorders across the lifespan: A systematic review. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(5), 428-443.
[77] Hua Y., Jiang W., He Y., Zheng X., Huang C., Guo L., Guo Y., & Guo L. (2024). Associations of recent stressful life events with anxiety symptoms among Chinese adolescents with a consideration of family functioning. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 15(1), 2337577.
[78] Huang X., Hu N., Yao Z., & Peng B. (2022). Family functioning and adolescent depression: A moderated mediation model of self-esteem and peer relationships. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 962147.
[79] Hunter, J. E. (1990). Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings. Sage Publications.
[80] Izard, C. E. (1978). Emotions as motivations: An evolutionary-developmental perspective. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 26, 163-200.
[81] Jacobson, N. C. (2019). Meta-analyses of the distinct neurological activation and bidirectional longitudinal associations between anxiety and depression [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Pennsylvania State University, State College.
[82] Kerr M.E.& Bowen M.(1988) . Family evaluation: An approach based on bowen theory. W.W.Norton & company.
[83] Keyes, C. L. M. (1998). Social well-being. Social Psychology Quarterly, 61(2), 121-140.
[84] Kovacs M., Obrosky S., & George C. (2016). The course of major depressive disorder from childhood to young adulthood: Recovery and recurrence in a longitudinal observational study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 203, 374-381.
[85] Leeman J., Crandell J. L., Lee A., Bai J., Sandelowski M., & Knafl K. (2016). Family functioning and the well-being of children with chronic conditions: A meta-analysis. Research In Nursing and Health, 39(4), 229-243.
[86] Lei Y., Wang Y. Y., Wan J. M., Patel C., & Li H. (2023). Association between negative parent-related family interactions and child social anxiety: A cross-cultural systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 99, 102771.
[87] Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction.Wiley.
[88] Mastrotheodoros S., Van der Graaff J., Deković M., Meeus W. H. J., & Branje S. (2020). Parent-adolescent conflict across adolescence: Trajectories of informant discrepancies and associations with personality types. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49(1), 119-135.
[89] Miller I. W., Ryan C. E., Keitner G. I., Bishop D. S., & Epstein N. B. (2000). The McMaster approach to families: Theory, assessment, treatment and research. Journal of Family Therapy, 22(2), 168-189.
[90] Moreno P. M., Gea S. F., Jurado M. del M. M., Perez-Fuentes M. del C., & Linares, J. J. G. (2024). The role of family functionality and its relationship with psychological well-being and emotional intelligence in high school students. Education Sciences, 14(6), 566.
[91] Morris, T. (1990). Culturally sensitive family assessment—An evaluation of the family assessment device used with hawaiian-american and japanese-american families. Family Process, 29(1), 105-116.
[92] Niu G., Chai H., Li Z., Wu L., Sun X., & Zhou Z. (2020). Online parent-child communication and left-behind children' s subjective well-being: The effects of parent-child relationship and gratitude. Child Indicators Research, 13(3), 967-980.
[93] Olson, D. H. (2000). Circumplex model of marital and family systems. Journal of Family Therapy, 22(2), 144-167.
[94] Ortega B., Mateo A., Jimeno M., & Ricarte J. J. (2023). Age and gender differences in perceived parenting styles and emotional outcomes in early adolescents. Journal of Family Issues, 44(2), 498-514.
[95] Orwin, R. G. (1994). Evaluating coding decisions. Russell Sage Foundation.
[96] Psihogios A. M., Fellmeth H., Schwartz L. A., & Barakat L. P. (2019). Family functioning and medical adherence across children and adolescents with chronic health conditions: A meta-analysis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 44(1), 84-97.
[97] Rajkumar E., Julia G. J., Lakshmi N. V. S. K., Ranjana P. K., Manjima M., Devi R. R., Rukmini D., Christina G., Romate J., Allen J. G., Abraham J., & Jacob A. M. (2022). Prevalence of mental health problems among rural adolescents in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 16573.
[98] Robson S. M., McCullough M. B., Rex S., Munafo M. R., & Taylor G. (2020). Family meal frequency, diet, and family functioning: A systematic review with meta-analyses. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 52(5), 553-564.
[99] Rosenthal, R., & DiMatteo, M. R. (2001). Meta-analysis: Recent developments in quantitative methods for literature reviews. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 59-82.
[100] Russell B. S., Simpson E., Flannery K. M., & Ohannessian C. M. (2019). The impact of adolescent substance use on family functioning the mediating role of internalizing symptoms. Youth and Society, 51(4), 504-528.
[101] Russell, C. S. (1983). From family symptom to family system: Review of family therapy research. American Journal of Family Therapy, 11(3), 3-14.
[102] Samek, D. R., & Rueter, M. A. (2011). Associations between family communication patterns, sibling closeness, and greenadoptive status. Journal of Marriage and Family, 73(5), 1015-1031.
[103] Santomauro D. F., Herrera A. M. M., Shadid J., Zheng P., Ashbaugh C., Pigott D. M., Abbafati C., Adolph C., Amlag J. O., Aravkin A. Y., Bang-Jensen B. L., Bertolacci G. J., Bloom S. S., Castellano R., Castro E., Chakrabarti S., Chattopadhyay J., Cogen R. M., Collins J. K., & Ferrari A. J. (2021). Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet, 398(10312), 1700-1712.
[104] Schrodt P., Witt P. L., & Messersmith A. S. (2008). A meta-analytical review of family communication patterns and their associations with information processing, behavioral, and psychosocial outcomes. Communication Monographs, 75(3), 248-269.
[105] Schwab, J. J., & Gray-Ice, H. M. (2000). Family functioning-the general living systems research model. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
[106] Sela Y., Zach M., Amichay-Hamburger Y., Mishali M., & Omer H. (2020). Family environment and problematic internet use among adolescents: The mediating roles of depression and fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 106, 106226.
[107] Šeboková, G., & Popelková, M. (2016). Self-consciousness and internalizing problems in adolescence: Moderating effect of family variables. Studia Psychologica, 58(2), 105-121.
[108] Skinner H., Steinhauer P., & Sitarenios G. (2000). Family assessment measure (FAM) and process model of family functioning. Journal of Family Therapy, 22(2), 190-210.
[109] Smilkstein, G. (1978). Family Apgar—proposal for a family function test and its use by physicians. Journal of Family Practice, 6(6), 1231-1239.
[110] Smilkstein G., Ashworth C., & Montano D. (1982). Validity and reliability of the family apgar as a test of family function. Journal of Family Practice, 15(2), 303-311.
[111] Spence, J. (1985). Gender identity and its implications for the concepts of masculinity and femininity. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 32, 59-95.
[112] Spruit A., Goos L., Weenink N., Rodenburg R., Niemeyer H., Stams G. J., & Colonnesi C. (2020). The relation between attachment and depression in children and adolescents: A multilevel meta-analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 23(1), 54-69.
[113] Stratton P., Bland J., Janes E., & Lask J. (2010). Developing an indicator of family function and a practicable outcome measure for systemic family and couple therapy: The SCORE. Journal of Family Therapy, 32, 232258.
[114] Szczesniak, M., & Tulecka, M. (2020). Family functioning and life satisfaction: The mediatory role of emotional intelligence. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 13, 223-232.
[115] Tang X., Tang S., Ren Z., & Wong, D. F. K. (2019). Prevalence of depressive symptoms among adolescents in secondary school in mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 245, 498-507.
[116] Tejada-Gallardo C., Blasco-Belled A., Torrelles-Nadal C., & Alsinet C. (2020). Effects of school-based multicomponent positive psychology interventions on well-being and distress in adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49(10), 1943-1960.
[117] Tonidandel, S., & LeBreton, J. M. (2015). RWA web: A free, comprehensive, web-based, and user-friendly tool for relative weight analyses. Journal of Business and Psychology, 30(2), 207-216.
[118] Turkdogan T., Duru E., & Balkis M. (2019). Circumplex model of family functioning in Turkish culture: Western family systems model in a eurasian country. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 50(2), 183-199.
[119] UNICEF. (2021). The state of the world's children 2021: On my mind - Promoting, protecting and caring for children' s mental health. United Nations Children's Fund.
[120] Van den Noortgate W., Antonio Lopez-Lopez J., Marin-Martinez F., & Sanchez-Meca J. (2013). Three-level meta-analysis of dependent effect sizes. Behavior Research Methods, 45(2), 576-594.
[121] Van Schoors M., Caes L., Knoble N. B., Goubert L., Verhofstadt L. L., & Alderfer M. A. (2017). Systematic review: Associations between family functioning and child adjustment after pediatric cancer diagnosis: A meta-analysis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 42(1), 6-18.
[122] Verrastro V., Ritella G., Saladino V., Pistella J., Baiocco R., & Fontanesi L. (2020). Personal and family correlates to happiness amongst italian children and pre-adolescents. International Journal of Emotional Education, 12(1), 48-64.
[123] Vigdal, J. S., & Brønnick, K. K. (2022). A systematic review of "helicopter parenting" and its relationship with anxiety and depression. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 872981.
[124] Wang E., Zhang J., Peng S., & Zeng B. (2021). The association between family function and adolescents' depressive symptoms in China: A longitudinal cross-lagged analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 744976.
[125] Wang M. P., Chu J. T. W., Viswanath K., Wan A., Lam T. H., & Chan S. S. (2015). Using information and communication technologies for family communication and its association with family well-being in hong kong: FAMILY project. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 17(8), e207.
[126] Xie, Y., & Xie, R. (2024). Changes in perceived family functioning of Chinese children: A cross-temporal meta-analysis. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 33(8), 2670-2680.
[127] Xu T., Zuo F., & Zheng K. (2024). Parental educational expectations, academic pressure, and adolescent mental health: An empirical study based on CEPS survey data. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 26(2), 93-103.
[128] Ye Y., Li Y., Jin S., Huang J., Ma R., Wang X., & Zhou X. (2023). Family function and post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Trauma Violence and Abuse, 24(5), 3151-3169.
[129] Zabriskie, R. B., & McCormick, B. P. (2003). Parent and child perspectives of family leisure involvement and satisfaction with family life. Journal of Leisure Research, 35(2), 163-189.
[130] Zaretsky, V. K., & Kholmogorova, A. B. (2020). Relationship between education, development & health from cultural-historical perspective. Kulturno-Istoricheskaya Psikhologiya-Cultural-Historical Psychology, 16(2), 89-106.
[131] Zhang Z., Qiu A., Zhang X., Zhao Y., Yuan L., Yi J., Zhang Q., Liu H., Lin R., & Zhang X. (2024). Gender differences in the mental symptom network of high school students in Shanghai, China: A network analysis. BMC Public Health, 24(1), 2719.
[132] Zhou H., Zhu W., Xiao W., Huang Y., Ju K., Zheng H., & Yan C. (2023). Feeling unloved is the most robust sign of adolescent depression linking to family communication patterns. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 33(2), 418-430.