高考作文中心理健康要素的融入特征及演变——基于近十年高考作文真题的实证研究

张蓓; 袁航; 夏俭清; 周全中; 林晓敏; 何媛; 罗扬眉; 陈煦海

doi:10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20260410

PDF(4488 KB)

心理科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (4) : 888-901. DOI: 10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20260410

发展与教育

高考作文中心理健康要素的融入特征及演变——基于近十年高考作文真题的实证研究

张蓓 ¹ ,
袁航 ² ,
夏俭清 ¹ ,
周全中 ³ ,
林晓敏 ⁴ ,
何媛 ⁵ ,
罗扬眉 ¹ ,
陈煦海 ¹^,^**

作者信息 +

The Integration and Evolution of Mental Health Elements in Gaokao Essay Prompts: Evidence from the Past Decade

Zhang Bei ¹ ,
Yuan Hang ² ,
Xia Jianqing ¹ ,
Zhou Quanzhong ³ ,
Lin Xiaomin ⁴ ,
He Yuan ⁵ ,
Luo Yangmei ¹ ,
Chen Xuhai ¹^,^**

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

通过对2015~2024年98道高考作文题进行定性与定量分析，探究高考作文命题中心理健康要素的融入特征与演变。结果发现：（1）师生访谈结果显示，高考作文题目普遍涉及心理健康的多维内涵。内容分析识别出六个核心主题：自我、社会适应、学习、人际关系、情绪和生涯规划，其中自我与社会适应为高频主题。（2）表征相似性分析显示，心理健康要素的融入与教育政策及社会热点有关联，但未发现明显的历时性演变，不同区域的命题侧重点存在差异，新课改题型在心理健康要素融入上与传统题型保持延续性。研究表明，高考作文命题已融入心理健康要素，内隐地承担心理健康教育的功能，是“五育并举”背景下引导学生全面发展的重要载体。

Abstract

Student mental health has emerged as a critical concern in China's basic education system. The Ministry of Education's comprehensive action plan (2023-2025) emphasizes “Five-Dimensional Education” to promote student psychological well-being. The Gaokao (National College Entrance Examination) essay component serves multiple functions. It implements moral education, facilitates talent selection, and guides instructional practices. Essay prompts exert substantial washback effects on Chinese language teaching. They also strongly influence students’ cognitive development and psychological growth. However, existing research has predominantly focused on moral education, language instruction, and social value orientation. There is limited systematic analysis from a mental health perspective. This study addresses this gap by examining the integration and evolution of mental health elements in Gaokao essay prompts.

The investigation employed a mixed-methods approach comprising two complementary studies. Study 1 utilized semi-structured interviews with 15 Chinese high school teachers (Study 1A) and 15 students (Study 1B). The study explored mental health content in essay prompts. Thematic analysis revealed 6 core mental health dimensions: learning, self-awareness, interpersonal relationships, emotional regulation, social adaptation, and career planning. Study 2 built upon these findings. It developed a coding framework based on the Guidelines for Mental Health Education in Primary and Secondary Schools (2012 revision). Eleven coders with backgrounds in psychology and Chinese language independently analyzed 98 Gaokao essay prompts from 2015-2024. They used back-to-back coding. Statistical analysis was conducted using R language. The analysis encompassed frequency analysis, trend examination, and Representational Similarity Analysis (RSA).

The results demonstrated that Gaokao essay prompts consistently integrate mental health elements across all 6 identified dimensions. Self-awareness and social adaptation emerged as the most frequently addressed themes throughout the decade. The integration patterns responded strongly to educational policies and social issues. There was no significant temporal evolution. Regional variations in thematic emphasis were observed. New curriculum reform prompts maintained continuity with traditional formats in mental health element integration. RSA revealed distinct representational patterns across different regions. New examination formats preserved the core mental health themes from conventional approaches.

These findings indicate that Gaokao essay prompts function as implicit carriers of mental health education. They systematically embed psychological development elements within academic assessment. The prompts demonstrate broad coverage, though the distribution of mental health dimensions was uneven. They show strong temporal responsiveness to societal needs, high regional adaptability, and simultaneous content continuity with format innovation. This study represents the first systematic investigation of mental health element integration in Gaokao essay prompts. It employs both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The research reveals hidden psychological education functions within China's most influential academic assessment. It provides empirical support for the “Five-Dimensional Education” approach to student mental health promotion.

The study offers practical guidance for explicit construction of mental health elements in essay prompt design and classroom instruction. Ultimately, it contributes to the comprehensive psychological development of students within China's evolving educational landscape.

导出引用

张蓓, 袁航, 夏俭清, 等. 高考作文中心理健康要素的融入特征及演变——基于近十年高考作文真题的实证研究[J]. 心理科学. 2026, 49(4): 888-901 https://doi.org/10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20260410

Zhang Bei, Yuan Hang, Xia Jianqing, et al. The Integration and Evolution of Mental Health Elements in Gaokao Essay Prompts: Evidence from the Past Decade[J]. Journal of Psychological Science. 2026, 49(4): 888-901 https://doi.org/10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20260410

参考文献

列表( 原文顺序 | 文献年度倒序 | 文中引用次数倒序 ) 可视化分析

[1]	陈伟海. (2020). 高考宏大主题作文背景下的批判性思维培养. 教学与管理, 34, 77-79. 本文引用 [1]

[2]	程佩, 潘涌. (2017). 四十年高考作文的变革趋势: 走向积极语用——兼评2017年高考作文. 语文建设, 22, 8-13. 本文引用 [1]

[3]	方英. (2023). 高考作文的命题特点、趋势与写作建议. 中学语文, 29, 95-97. 本文引用 [1]

[4]	高庆, 李朝旭. (2024). 主题分析法: 中国心理学质性研究新视角. 心理技术与应用, 12(12), 735-749. 本文引用 [1]

[5]	海嫚. (2023). 近年来高考作文试题特征的多角度分析. 教学月刊·中学版(教学参考), Z1, 130-132. 本文引用 [1]

[6]	姜向荣, 朱于国. (2024). 从高考的核心功能看高考作文命题. 课程.教材.教法, 44(11), 147-153. 本文引用 [1]

[7]	李冬梅, 雷雳, 邹泓. (2007). 青少年社会适应行为的特征及影响因素. 首都师范大学学报(社会科学版), 2, 150-156. 本文引用 [1]

[8]	李熹, 董蓓菲. (2024). “五育融合”背景下高考语文作文命题价值取向研究——基于2019-2023年高考语文作文真题的分析. 宁波大学学报(教育科学版), 46(3), 108-116. 本文引用 [2]

[9]	刘海涛, 薛彦华. (2024). 转向与坚守: “双减”实施后影响学生全面发展的潜在问题与风险防范. 教育理论与实践, 44(26), 3-8. 本文引用 [2]

[10]	刘卫平. (2022). 高考作文命题考查意义的偏离与回归——审视2021年全国新高考Ⅰ卷作文题. 中学语文教学, 4, 71-74. 本文引用 [1]

[11]	龙潭, 张心怡. (2019). 从生涯教育角度审视高考作文. 中学语文教学参考, 27, 75-76. 本文引用 [1]

[12]	钱德敏. (2023). 新高考背景下学生生涯规划教育探究. 中国教育学刊, S1, 15-17. 本文引用 [1]

[13]	王冲, 张开. (2017). 高考语文作文试题的发展与改革路径. 课程.教材.教法, 37(10), 115-121. 本文引用 [1]

[14]	王立英. (2008). 30年高考作文之“变”与“不变”. 语文建设, 1, 59-62. 本文引用 [1]

[15]	王文森. (2007). 变异系数——一个衡量离散程度简单而有用的统计指标. 中国统计, 6, 41-42. 本文引用 [1]

[16]	王新凤, 杨玉春. (2023). 新高考背景下高中生涯教育实施现状与政策期许. 中国教育学刊, 5, 29-34. 本文引用 [1]

[17]	吴国宏. (2024). 心理观察61\|最终还是落实在人的发展: 2024高考作文的心理观察. 复旦心理人. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Au_jl-ldtyU-3K6OiaAJ7g https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Au_jl-ldtyU-3K6OiaAJ7g 本文引用 [1]

[18]	辛涛, 姜宇, 林崇德, 师保国, 刘霞. (2016). 论学生发展核心素养的内涵特征及框架定位. 中国教育学刊, 6, 3-7+28. 本文引用 [1]

[19]	杨操. (2024). 对话视域下写作命题规律与教学策略探寻——以近五年高考全国卷语文作文为例. 中小学课堂教学研究, 3, 70-74+86. 本文引用 [1]

[20]	姚林群, 封思颖. (2021). 新中国成立以来我国高考语文作文命题: 历程、特征与趋势. 教育测量与评价, 3, 25-32. 本文引用 [1]

[21]	壹心理. (2018). 2018高考作文盘点: 这哪是考语文, 明明是考心理学. 壹心理. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/k2Zv-RnqIwKR0y-u_q8dZw https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/k2Zv-RnqIwKR0y-u_q8dZw 本文引用 [1]

[22]	俞国良, 靳娟娟. (2022). 心理健康教育与“五育”关系探析. 教育研究, 43(1), 136-145. 本文引用 [1]

[23]	俞国良, 李天然. (2016). 社会转型中青少年心理健康的结构与特点探索. 西南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版), 37(8), 191-196. 本文引用 [1]

[24]	俞国良, 邵蕾. (2022). 成长咨询: 提供适合学生发展需要的心理健康教育. 中国人民大学教育学刊, 1, 5-16. 本文引用 [1]

[25]	余丽丽, 潘涌. (2021). 表达力: 新时代高考语文作文新路向. 中国考试, 11, 35-42. 本文引用 [1]

[26]	于泽元, 王丹艺. (2017). 《立德树人》何以可能: 我国高考作文的价值取向研究. 全球教育展望, 46(10), 81-91. 本文引用 [1]

[27]

袁航, 罗思阳. (2024). 研究社会文化变迁的新视角——表征相似性分析: 以老年人心理健康为例. 心理学报, 56(7), 938-953.

https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2024.00938

本文引用 [2] 摘要

在心理学及其他社会科学研究中, 社会变迁研究主要使用单维度线性分析方法探索特定心理或行为的变化趋势以及影响社会变迁的潜在因素, 缺乏对多维变量内部结构变迁的关注, 也难以比较不同尺度的社会变迁现象。本研究将介绍一种从模式角度进行社会变迁研究的方法——表征相似性分析, 并以1998~2018年间对中国老年人健康影响因素的纵向追踪数据(CLHLS)与对应时期的社会文化变迁测量为实例, 演示如何构建多维度的表征相似性框架, 依次介绍多变量单维模式分析[时间、空间、心理与意识空间(Mental space, 简称“意间”)]、多变量跨维度模式分析(意间−时间, 意间−空间, 意间−时间−空间)、跨尺度模式分析(地区−国家)、概念模式分析, 以及表征相似性分析与传统方法的耦合分析, 随后展望了表征相似性分析的拓展方向。

[28]	中华人民共和国教育部. (2017). 教育部关于印发《中小学德育工作指南》的通知. http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A06/s3325/201709/t20170904_313128.html http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A06/s3325/201709/t20170904_313128.html 本文引用 [1]

[29]	中华人民共和国教育部. (2023). 教育部等十七部门关于印发《全面加强和改进新时代学生心理健康工作专项行动计划(2023-2025年) 》的通知. http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A17/moe_943/moe_946/202305/t20230511_1059219.html http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A17/moe_943/moe_946/202305/t20230511_1059219.html 本文引用 [1]

[30]	朱倩仪. (2022). 改革开放以来高考语文作文要求变迁的探索及其启示. 科教导刊, 6, 138-140. 本文引用 [1]

[31]	邹建平. (2019). 2007-2019年全国卷高考作文试题概况分析与评价. 汉江师范学院学报, 39(5), 140-144. 本文引用 [3]

[32]	Abdi, H. (2010). Coefficient of variation. In N. J. Salkind (Ed.), Encyclopedia of research design (pp.169-171). SAGE Publications. 本文引用 [1]

[33]	Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2014). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. SAGE Publications. 本文引用 [1]

[34]	Krippendorff, K. (2004). Reliability in content analysis: Some common misconceptions and recommendations. Human Communication Research, 30(3), 411-433. 本文引用 [1]

[35]

Londono,

, & McMillan,

D. E.

(2015). Psychosocial adaptation: An evolutionary concept analysis exploring a common multidisciplinary language. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 71(11), 2504-2519.

https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12723

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26148125

本文引用 [1] 摘要

To provide the first known concept analysis of psychosocial adaptation, exploring its evolution from the concept adaptation. We also determine how psychosocial adaptation is conceptualized across nursing, health, sociobehavioural and education disciplines.Psychosocial adaptation is an important conceptual term that is poorly defined in nursing and other health, sociobehavioural and education disciplines. A thorough understanding of the concept's application in nursing and across disciplines can help to clarify its meaning, facilitate a more effective common language between disciplines and inform future psychosocial adaptation research.Rodger's evolutionary view guided this concept analysis.Peer-reviewed English and Spanish manuscripts published between 2011-2013 were retrieved from the following databases: CINAHL, Psych INFO, PubMed, Scopus and LILACS.Eighty-nine articles related to psychosocial adaptation were included in the analysis. Findings identify key attributes, antecedents and consequences associated with the use of the concept. Findings were compared vis-a-vis reported characteristics of adaptation.The attributes characterizing psychosocial adaptation are: change, process, continuity, interaction and influence. In psychosocial adaptation, new life conditions serve as antecedents, while consequences are good or bad outcomes. Important features of the evolution of this concept include its broad appropriation across the reviewed disciplines. The attributes of psychosocial adaptation, have some similarities to those of general adaptation. Both concepts include an aspect of change, but unlike adaptation, psychosocial adaptation has branched away from biological descriptors, such as homeostasis and tends to focus on relational characteristics, such as interaction and influences.© 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

[36]	López-Vázquez, C., & Hochsztain, E. (2019). Extended and updated tables for the Friedman rank test. Communications in Statistics-Theory and Methods, 48(2), 268-281. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610926.2017.1408829 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03610926.2017.1408829 本文引用 [1]

[37]	Neuendorf, K. A. (2017). The content analysis guidebook. SAGE Publications. 本文引用 [1]

[38]	Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8(3), 162-166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00403.x https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00403.x 本文引用 [1]

[39]

Popal,

, Wang,

, & Olson,

I. R.

(2019). A guide to representational similarity analysis for social neuroscience. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 14(11), 1243-1253.

https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsz099

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31989169

本文引用 [1] 摘要

Representational similarity analysis (RSA) is a computational technique that uses pairwise comparisons of stimuli to reveal their representation in higher-order space. In the context of neuroimaging, mass-univariate analyses and other multivariate analyses can provide information on what and where information is represented but have limitations in their ability to address how information is represented. Social neuroscience is a field that can particularly benefit from incorporating RSA techniques to explore hypotheses regarding the representation of multidimensional data, how representations can predict behavior, how representations differ between groups and how multimodal data can be compared to inform theories. The goal of this paper is to provide a practical as well as theoretical guide to implementing RSA in social neuroscience studies.© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press.

[40]	Stemler, S. E. (2004). A comparison of consensus, consistency, and measurement approaches to estimating interrater reliability. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 9(1), Article 4. 本文引用 [1]