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似德非德，何以育德?道德认同对双重道德标准的影响*
Seemingly Moral, But Isn't The Impact of Moral Identity on Double Moral Standards
尽管人们总是强调道德的重要性，但道德伪善仍是一个值得关注的问题。通过三项基于Credamo平台的子研究，考察道德认同是否会增强双重道德标准，并探索可能的边界条件。研究1a和1b通过测量或操纵道德认同，发现道德认同能够提高道德标准，但相比于低道德认同者，高道德认同者表现出更强的双重道德标准。研究2操纵自我完善动机，发现自我完善条件下高道德认同者没有表现出这种双重道德标准。研究表明，道德认同能够提高道德标准，但也会增强双重道德标准，自我完善动机能够抑制道德认同对双重道德标准的增强作用。研究结果对于如何有效开展道德教育有一定启示意义。
Morality is a cornerstone of human conduct, and moral identity is a critical component thereof. Moral identity refers to the extent to which being "a moral person" is central to an individual’s self-concept. Previous research has primarily focused on the positive effects of moral identity. However, in real-life contexts, there are numerous instances of individuals with high moral identity engaging in moral transgressions, often having double moral standards characterized by being "lenient toward oneself while strict toward others." To address this, we conducted three sub-studies on the Credamo platform to examine whether moral identity amplifies double moral standards and to explore the boundary conditions of this relationship.
Study 1a (N = 885) employed a questionnaire-based approach to preliminarily examine the relationship between moral identity and double moral standards. Participants first completed the Moral Identity Scale and then rated the acceptability of three moral transgressions, which were committed either by themselves or by others. The results showed that, regardless of the level of moral identity, participants accepted their own transgressions significantly more than those of others, indicating that they had double moral standards. However, the difference in acceptability between self and others’ transgressions was more significant among participants with high moral identity, indicating that they had stronger double moral standards.
To further examine the causal relationship between moral identity and double moral standards, Study 1b (N = 660) employed a 2(moral identity: priming vs. control) × 2(judgment target: self vs. others) between-subjects design. The dependent variable was the acceptability of moral transgressions. First, participants completed a moral identity manipulation task. They were told to copy nine moral trait words (priming group) or neutral words (control group) and use some of these words to write a brief personal narrative. Subsequently, participants evaluated the same moral transgressions used in Study 1a. The results showed that, regardless of whether participants were in the control or priming group, participants accepted their own transgressions significantly more than those of others, indicating that they had double moral standards. However, the difference in acceptability between self and others’ transgressions was greater in the priming group, indicating that participants in the priming group had stronger double moral standards.
To explore the boundary conditions that reduce the double moral standards of individuals with high moral identity, Study 2 (N = 344) employed a 3(self-motivation: self-improvement vs. control vs. self-enhancement) × 2(judgment target: self vs. others) between-subjects design. First, participants completed the Moral Identity Scale. According to their mean scores on the scale, participants who had high moral identity were selected. Next, they underwent a self-motivation manipulation, which involved recalling and analyzing their own past immoral behaviors under different conditions. Finally, participants engaged in a modified dictator game, where they decided how much money (0 to 15 yuan) to take for themselves or others, with the remaining amount to be donated. The amount of money taken was the dependent variable. The results showed that, under the self-improvement condition, participants with high moral identity showed no significant difference in the amount of money taken for themselves versus others, demonstrating no double moral standards. In contrast, under both the control and self-enhancement conditions, those with high moral identity took significantly more money for themselves than for others, indicating the presence of double moral standards. These findings suggest that self-improvement motivation can effectively suppress the double moral standards of individuals with high moral identity.
In summary, this study found that, while moral identity can elevate moral standards, it may also amplify double moral standards. However, self-improvement motivation can mitigate the enhancing effect of moral identity on double moral standards. These findings offer valuable insights for designing and implementing effective moral education programs.
moral identity / double moral standards / self-improvement motivation / moral hypocrisy
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This article proposes and tests a social-cognitive framework for examining the joint influence of situational factors and the centrality of moral identity on moral intentions and behaviors. The authors hypothesized that if a situational factor increases the current accessibility of moral identity within the working self-concept, then it strengthens the motivation to act morally. In contrast, if a situational factor decreases the current accessibility of moral identity, then it weakens the motivation to act morally. The authors also expected the influence of situational factors to vary depending on the extent to which moral identity was central to a person's overall self-conception. Hypotheses derived from the framework were tested in 4 studies. The studies used recalling and reading a list of the Ten Commandments (Study 1), writing a story using morally laden terms (Study 4), and the presence of performance-based financial incentives (Studies 2 and 3) as situational factors. Participants' willingness to initiate a cause-related marketing program (Study 1), lie to a job candidate during a salary negotiation (Studies 2 and 3), and contribute to a public good (Study 4) were examined. Results provide strong support for the proposed framework.(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved).
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Recognizing limitations in classic cognitive moral development theory, several scholars have drawn from theories of identity to suggest that moral behavior results from both moral judgments and moral identity. The authors conducted 2 survey-based studies with more than 500 students and managers to test this argument. Results demonstrated that moral identity and moral judgments both independently influenced moral behavior. In addition, in situations in which social consensus regarding the moral behavior was not high, moral judgments and moral identity interacted to shape moral behavior. This interaction effect indicated that those who viewed themselves as moral individuals pursued the most extreme alternatives (e.g., never cheating, regularly cheating)--a finding that affirms the motivational power of a moral identity. The authors conclude by considering the implications of this research for both theory and practice.(c) 2007 APA
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Self-enhancement denotes a class of psychological phenomena that involve taking a tendentiously positive view of oneself. We distinguish between four levels of self-enhancement-an observed effect, an ongoing process, a personality trait, and an underlying motive-and then use these distinctions to organize the wealth of relevant research. Furthermore, to render these distinctions intuitive, we draw an extended analogy between self-enhancement and the phenomenon of eating. Among the topics we address are (a) manifestations of self-enhancement, both obvious and subtle, and rival interpretations; (b) experimentally documented dynamics of affirming and threatening the ego; and (c) primacy of self-enhancement, considered alongside other intrapsychic phenomena, and across different cultures. Self-enhancement, like eating, is a fundamental part of human nature. © 2008 Association for Psychological Science.
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This research explored whether people hold double standards in a public crisis. We proposed that during the COVID-19 pandemic, people required others to strictly follow self-quarantine rules and other preventive behaviors, whereas they themselves would not, demonstrating double standards. Moreover, this effect would be moderated by the perceived threat from the pandemic. Using data collected in the United States and China, three studies ( = 2,180) tested the hypotheses by measuring (Study 1) and manipulating the perceived threat (Studies 2 and 3). We found that people generally applied higher standards to others than to themselves when it came to following the self-quarantine rules. This effect was strong when a relatively low threat was perceived, but the self-other difference disappeared when the perceived threat was relatively high, as the demands they placed on themselves would increase as the perceived threat intensified, but their requirements of others would be constantly strict. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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