采用追踪设计，考察了138名儿童4岁时的自我控制对其7-11岁期间社会适应的影响。分别采用实验室观察法和问卷法测量了儿童的自我控制与社会适应。研究结果表明（1）儿童4岁时的自我控制存在显著的性别差异，其中女孩的自我控制水平显著高于男孩；（2）4岁时的自我控制能够显著负向预测7岁时母亲报告的外显和内隐问题行为，以及父亲报告的外显问题行为；（3）4岁时的自我控制能够显著负向预测7岁时教师评价的学习问题行为；（4）4岁时的自我控制能够显著负向预测11岁时父亲报告的外显问题行为；（5）4岁时的自我控制能够显著正向预测教师报告的挫折耐受能力。

This research was a longitudinal study to explore the influence of self-control of 4-year-old children on their social adaption at 7 and 11 years-old. Children’s self-control was observed in the laboratory, and social adaption was measured with questionnaire. The results were as follows: （1） Significantly difference of self-control was found for 4-year-old children; （2） Children’s self-control at the age of 4 years old predicted their external and internal problem behavior at 7 years old negatively; （3） Children’s self-control at the age of 4 years old predicted their external and learning problem behavior at 7 years old negatively; （4） Children’s self-control at the age of 4 years old predicted their external problem behavior at 11 years old negatively; （5） Children’s self-control at the age of 4 years old predicted their external problem behavior at 11 years old negatively，but predicted their frustration tolerance positively.