摘 要 为探讨青少年公正世界信念与抑郁的关系，以及感恩和自尊在二者关系中的作用机制，采用公正世界信念问卷(BJW)、感恩问卷(GQ-6)、自尊量表(SES)和流调中心用抑郁量表(CES-D)对1049名高中学生进行调查。结果发现：(1)青少年公正世界信念、感恩和自尊两两之间呈显著正相关，且三者均与抑郁呈显著负相关。(2)青少年公正世界信念通过感恩和自尊的中介作用对抑郁产生影响，且该中介效应包含了三条中介路径——感恩的简单中介效应，自尊的简单中介效应，以及感恩→自尊的链式中介作用。研究结果揭示了青少年公正世界信念对抑郁产生影响的内部心理机制，为引导青少年更好地利用公正世界信念提升感恩和自尊的水平以及更好地促进心理健康发展提供了有益建议。
Abstract
Abstract Belief in a just world (BJW), proposed by Lerner and Simon, refers to the idea that people are motivated to believe that they live in a just world where everyone gets what they deserve and deserves what they get. Belief in a just world provides people with alternative strategies for coping with challenges and critical life events and it had been widely used to explain individuals’ emotional adjustment and mental health. Ample research has been done and showed strong correlations between BJW and constructs, such as, depression, life satisfaction, forgiveness, and optimism.
Research also revealed that belief in a just world promotes just actions. The function of BJW is based on the “personal contract” between individuals and their social environment, by which people believe that they get deserved repayment from others for their just behaviors. On the one hand, the perception of being treated justly by others may enhance levels of gratitude attributing benefits to other people. And gratitude, as the literature suggests, may further be associated with lower levels of depression. On the other hand, the consistency between individuals’ just actions and the social contract may bring more positive evaluations towards themselves. In addition, many studies have showed that high self-esteem protects people from depressive disorders. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotion also suggests that positive emotions can broaden people’s momentary thought and build their personal resources. It implies that gratitude, as a positive moral affect, may positively predict self-esteem which can been seen as a personal psychological resource. Thus, the present research hypothesized that BJW would be correlated with depression, and both gratitude and self-esteem, would play important mediating roles in the relationship between BJW and depression.
To investigate the relationship between belief in a just world and depression, as well as its underlying mechanism, a sample of 1049 high school students were recruited for the study. They were required to complete a battery of questionnaires, including Belief in a Just World Questionnaire, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Gratitude Questionnaire as well as the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Date were collected and analyzed with SPSS 22.0, and the bias-corrected percentile Bootstrap method was used to analyze the serial mediating roles of gratitude and self-esteem between BJW and depression.
The results indicated: (1) the correlations between each pair of BJW, gratitude and self-esteem were significantly positive, but BJW, gratitude and self-esteem were negatively correlated with depression. BJW had no direct effect on depression, but BJW significantly predicted gratitude and self-esteem; gratitude significantly predicted self-esteem; both gratitude and self-esteem significantly predicted depression. (2) The effect of BJW on adolescents’ depression was explained by three indirect paths: the simple mediating role of gratitude, self-esteem, respectively, and the serial mediating role of both gratitude and self-esteem.
In sum, these findings highlight the complexed mechanism underlying the relationship between BJW and depression. Belief in a just world predicts adolescent depression through mediating roles of gratitude and self-esteem. Individuals who have a strong dispositional belief in a just world would maintain higher gratitude and self-esteem, but finally have lower level of depression.
关键词
公正世界信念 /
感恩 /
自尊 /
抑郁 /
中介作用
Key words
belief in a just world /
gratitude /
self-esteem /
depression /
mediating role
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.content}}
参考文献
陈海燕, 姚树桥, 明庆森, 侯婵娟. (2012). 中学生的抑郁症状与生活事件: 非适应性策略的中介作用. 中国心理卫生杂志, 26(10), 786-790.
牛更枫, 孙晓军, 周宗奎, 孔繁昌, 田媛. (2016). 基于QQ空间的社交网站使用对青少年抑郁的影响: 上行社会比较和自尊的序列中介作用. 心理学报,48(10), 1282-1291.
索俊杰. (2015). 浅谈青春期心理健康教育. 读写算:教育教学研究(36),33-33.
汪向东, 王希林, 马弘.（1999）心理卫生评定量表手册（增订版）.北京:中国心理卫生杂志社.
魏昶, 吴慧婷, 孔祥娜, 王海涛. (2011). 感恩问卷gq-6的修订及信效度检验. 中国学校卫生, 32(10), 1201-1202.
温忠麟, 叶宝娟. (2014). 中介效应分析: 方法和模型发展. 心理科学进展,22(5), 731-745.
吴忠民. (2007). 社会公正研究的现状及趋向——近年来国内学术界社会公正研究述评. 学术界(2), 7-24.
徐琛, 杨爱林. (2005). 社会公正研究综述. 学术论坛(7), 117-120.
张文新, 李静雅, 赵景欣. (2012). 犯罪青少年公正世界信念与情绪适应的关系. 中国特殊教育(12), 75-79.
周春燕, 郭永玉. (2013). 公正世界信念——重建公正的双刃剑. 心理科学进展, 21(1), 144-154.
周浩, 龙立荣. (2004). 共同方法偏差的统计检验与控制方法. 心理科学进展, 12(6), 942-942.
祝振兵, 张帆. (2010). 公正世界信念与心理健康关系的综述. 医学与哲学, 31(19), 51-52.
Carifio, J., & Nasser, R. (2012). Belief in a just world and depression in elderly nursing home residents. Work, 43(3), 303.
Chen, L. H., & Wu, C. H. (2014). Gratitude enhances change in athletes’ self-esteem: the moderating role of trust in coach. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 26(3), 349-362.
Christandl, F. (2013). The belief in a just world as a personal resource in the context of inflation and financial crises. Applied Psychology, 62(3), 486-518.
Dalbert, C. (1999). The world is more just for me than generally: about the personal belief in a just world scale's validity. Social Justice Research, 12(2), 79-98.
Dalbert, C. (2001). The justice motive as a personal resource: Dealing with challenges and critical life events. New York: Plenum Publishers.
Feather, N. T. (1991). Human values, global self-esteem, and belief in a just world. Journal of Personality, 59(1), 83-107.
Fox, C. L., Elder, T., Gater, J., & Johnson, E. (2010). The association between adolescents' beliefs in a just world and their attitudes to victims of bullying. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 80(2), 183–198.
Fredrickson, B.L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218.
Hayes, A. F., & Ph, D. (2012). PROCESS: A Versatile Computational Tool for Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis.
Jiang, F., Yue, X., Lu, S., Yu, G., & Zhu, F. (2016). How belief in a just world benefits mental health: the effects of optimism and gratitude. Social Indicators Research, 126(1), 411-423.
Jiang, H., Chen, G., & Wang, T. (2017). Relationship between belief in a just world and internet altruistic behavior in a sample of Chinese undergraduates: multiple mediating roles of gratitude and self-esteem. Personality & Individual Differences, 104, 493-498.
Lee, J. S., Joo, E. J., & Choi, K. S. (2013). Perceived stress and self-esteem mediate the effects of work-related stress on depression. Stress & Health, 29(1), 75–81.
Lerner, M. J., & Simmons, C. H. (1966). Observer's reaction to the "innocent victim": compassion or rejection? Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 4(2), 203-210.
Lin, C. C. (2015a). Gratitude and depression in young adults: the mediating role of self-esteem and well-being. Personality & Individual Differences, 87, 30-34.
Lin, C. C. (2015b). The relationships among gratitude, self-esteem, depression, and suicidal ideation among undergraduate students. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 56(6), 700.
McCullough, M. E., Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Is gratitude a moral affect? Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 249-266.
McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. A. (2002). The grateful disposition: a conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 82(1), 112.
Melvin J. Lerner. (1997). what does the belief in a just world protect us from: the dread of death or the fear of understanding suffering? Psychological Inquiry, 8(1), 29-32.
Orth, U., Robins, R. W., Meier, L. L., & Conger, R. D. (2016). Refining the vulnerability model of low self-esteem and depression: disentangling the effects of genuine self-esteem and narcissism. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 110(1), 133-49.
Otto, K., Boos, A., Dalbert, C., Sch?ps, D., & Hoyer, J. (2006). Posttraumatic symptoms, depression, and anxiety of flood victims: the impact of the belief in a just world. Personality & Individual Differences, 40(5), 1075-1084.
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.
Ramos, M. R. (2014). To believe or not to believe in a just world? The psychological costs of threats to the belief in a just world and the role of attributions. Self & Identity, 13(3), 257-273.
Strelan, P. (2007). The prosocial, adaptive qualities of just world beliefs: implications for the relationship between justice and forgiveness. Personality & Individual Differences, 43(4), 881-890.
Xie, X., Liu, H., & Gan, Y. (2011). Belief in a just world when encountering the 5/12 wenchuan earthquake. Environment and Behavior, 43(4), 1-21.
PDF(609 KB)
