关键词: 人声表情加工模型, 言语交流, 人声线索, 副语言线索, 人声可信度

Abstract: Recognizing vocal cues of credibility plays a significant role in social interactions. Vocal credibility refers to the degree to which listeners judge the truthfulness of a message from the speaker's voice, and affects the listener's social impressions and subsequent behaviours towards the speaker. Supported by behavioral and neurophysiological evidence, the cognitive processing model of vocal expression proposes that listeners can decode speakers' credibility from various vocal information such as speech prosody, lexical-semantic information, and accents.
In terms of speech prosody, credible voices are associated with higher Fundamental Frequency (F0) and amplitudes, whereas the untrustworthy ones are characterized by slower speech rates and more frequent pauses. Evidence from event-related potentials (ERPs) has shown that listeners can differentiate between credible and untrustworthy prosody apart as early as 200ms and continue to compute these vocal cues in a dynamic fashion. Furthermore, fMRI studies have revealed that the increased trustworthiness of vocal expressions is associated with increased activity in the left Superior frontal gyrus (SFG) and the left Inferior Frontal Gyrus (IFG), whereas the increased untrustworthiness engendered an activation in the right Superior Temporal Gyrus (STG). Moreover, functional connectivity studies have shown that the strengthened connections between the left Postcentral Gyrus and the Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) are associated with the listeners' decoding of vocal cues of speaker untrustworthiness.
The vocal cues and semantic information interact to form the speaker's credibility impression. The ERP evidence showed that vocal expressions with the vocal cue incongruent with the semantic content elicited a larger Late Positive Potential (LPP). Source localization revealed that Middle Frontal Gyrus (MFG) and STG contributed to this effect. Prosody-semantic congruency modulates the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying the decoding of speaker credibility.
Accent cues that indicate in- and out-group voices are relevant for decoding credibility. Listeners perceived in- (vs. out-) group voices as more credible. ERP results showed that for the out-group accent, the doubtful (vs. confident) voice elicited a smaller P200 response. However, for the in-group accent, the doubtful (vs. confident) voice elicited larger early responses. Moreover, basal ganglia, left cuneus and right fusiform gyrus were activated when listeners judged out-group vs. in-group voices for speaker's credibility. More importantly, the superior parietal and middle temporal brain regions were activated when listeners perceived in-group (vs. out-group) credibility. These results suggest that there could be two pathways for decoding vocal credibility. Listeners show greater sensitivity towards in-group voice at the perceptual level, and they tend to follow a ‘direct path' for making social inferences based on the human voice. For the out-group speaker, the social category information activated by accent information delays listeners' social reasoning about the out-group features. Listeners follow a longer or more laborious ‘indirect path' to compute the credibility of the out-group speaker with an in-depth analysis of the vocal expression. The processing of vocal credibility involves not only the analysis of lower-level acoustic features but also the higher-level social categorization.
In future research, one should explore further three topics related to the encoding and decoding mechanisms of speakers' credibility: (1) The developmental mechanisms underlying the decoding of credibility from human voice; (2) The role of multimodal nonverbal cues in encoding and decoding speaker credibility in real-life social interactions; and (3) The neurocognitive deficits of decoding vocal credibility in clinical populations.

Key words: vocal expression processing model, speech communication, vocal cue, paralinguistic cue, vocal trustworthiness