老年人的情绪识别能力衰退了吗?&#x02014;&#x02014;质疑、证据与分析 &#x0002A;

丁小斌; 康铁君; 王睿; 赵晶

doi:10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20230619

PDF(327 KB)

心理科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (6) : 1425-1431. DOI: 10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20230619

社会、人格与管理

老年人的情绪识别能力衰退了吗?——质疑、证据与分析^*

丁小斌, 康铁君^*, 王睿, 赵晶^*

作者信息 +

Has the Elderly's Emotional Perception Ability Deteriorated? Query, Evidence and Analysis

Ding Xiaobin, Kang Tiejun, Wang Rui, Zhao Jing

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

年龄的增加是否导致老年人情绪识别能力的下降,研究者们对于这一问题的看法不尽相同。对比分析发现, 在诸如动态情绪识别、具有丰富背景信息、跨通道的情绪整合等更具生态化的研究中, 老年人并未表现出明显的情绪识别能力衰退。“年龄增加导致情绪识别能力衰退”这一结论的合理性有一定的范围和边界, 研究者在使用这一结论时还需谨慎。实验任务类型的变化,视觉加工偏好与情绪面孔加工策略的混淆,选择的反映指标对年龄变化更敏感,和不同任务下老年人的动机差异等因素可能导致了当前这一主题的研究存在诸多不一致的结论。鉴于此,今后的研究应考察老年人情绪知觉加工特点,关注认知能力对老年人情绪识别的影响与机制,考虑更加广泛的人际感知技能评估。

Abstract

Whether the increase of age will lead to the decline of emotional perception in the elderly? Previous studies believe that, compared to young adults, the elderly have lower performance in recognizing negative facial expressions such as fear and anger, and the ability of the elderly to recognize emotions decreases with age. However, a large number of studies in recent years have failed to replicate similar age effects of emotional perception, and have even shown the opposite conclusion that the emotional recognition ability of the elderly does not decrease significantly with age. Several current studies have found that: First, the age difference in the recognition of negative emotions may be exaggerated, and when recognizing facial expressions of fear, sadness, disgust, and happiness, the difference between the elderly and the young people may be further reduced or not significant. Second, when body expressions and facial expressions are presented at the same time, compared to young adults, the recognition of facial expressions of the elderly is more easily affected by the body expressions. Thirdly, although the elderly are impaired when recognizing emotions in a single channel (face or voice), the age difference is eliminated when recognizing cross-channel emotions, and elderly benefit from consistent multi-sensory emotional integration processing. The reasons for many inconsistent conclusions may lie in following considerations. (1) The continuous expansion of the concept of emotional perception, from the early research mainly focused on “emotional faces” to the “face-voice” or “face-body” emotional integration that the current researchers are interested in, and concept extension has led to the controversy over the "aging" of emotion recognition ability. (2) It may be related to confusion between visual processing preference and emotional face processing strategy. (3) Selected reflecting indicators are more sensitive to age changes and are more susceptible to the decline abilities of cognitive processing and attention in the elderly, which to some extent aggravate the age difference of emotion recognition. The motivation of the elderly is different in different experimental task conditions. That is, the closer the experimental task is to the real life phenomenon, the easier it may be to mobilize the motivation of the elderly subjects to participate in the experimental task. So the differences in task performance between the elderly and the young people is smaller. According to the theory of social cognitive function, social individuals continue to accumulate social perception experience throughout their lives, and their expertise (or skills) of social interaction is also increasing. The focus of social professional knowledge theory is not the traditional accuracy itself, but the sensitivity and selectivity to relevant clues in the social field. The elderly may use different rules and strategies in the process of social perception. In the future, more ecological stimuli and comprehensive indicators should be used to evaluate the emotion recognition ability of the elderly, to pay attention to the impact and mechanism of cognitive ability on emotion recognition of the elderly, and to reflect the development and changes of interpersonal accuracy with more comprehensive indicators.

导出引用

丁小斌, 康铁君, 王睿, 赵晶. 老年人的情绪识别能力衰退了吗?——质疑、证据与分析^*[J]. 心理科学. 2023, 46(6): 1425-1431 https://doi.org/10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20230619

Ding Xiaobin, Kang Tiejun, Wang Rui, Zhao Jing. Has the Elderly's Emotional Perception Ability Deteriorated? Query, Evidence and Analysis[J]. Journal of Psychological Science. 2023, 46(6): 1425-1431 https://doi.org/10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20230619

参考文献

[1] Abo Foul Y., Eitan R., & Aviezer H. (2018). Perceiving emotionally incongruent cues from faces and bodies: Older adults get the whole picture. Psychology and Aging, 33(4), 660-666.
[2] Abramson L., Marom I., Petranker R., & Aviezer H. (2017). Is fear in your head? A comparison of instructed and real-life expressions of emotion in the face and body. Emotion, 17(3), 557-565.
[3] Aviezer H., Ensenberg N., & Hassin R. R. (2017). The inherently contextualized nature of facial emotion perception. Current Opinion in Psychology, 17, 47-54.
[4] Aviezer H., Trope Y., & Todorov A. (2012). Holistic person processing: Faces with bodies tell the whole story. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(1), 20-37.
[5] Braver, T. S. (2012). The variable nature of cognitive control: A dual mechanisms framework. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(2), 106-113.
[6] Braver T. S.,& West, R. (2011). Working memory, executive control, and aging. In F. I. M. Craik & T. A. Salthouse (Eds.), The handbook of aging and cognition (pp. 311-372). Psychology Press.
[7] Calder A. J., Young A. W., Keane J., & Dean M. (2000). Configural information in facial expression perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 26(2), 527-551.
[8] Campbell, K. L., & Hasher, L. (2018). Hyper-binding only apparent under fully implicit test conditions. Psychology and Aging, 33(1), 176-181.
[9] Castro, V. L., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2019a). Aging and the social ecology of everyday interpersonal perception: What is perceived, in whom, and where? Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 74(6), 988-998.
[10] Castro, V. L., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2019b). The same with age: Evidence for age-related similarities in interpersonal accuracy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 148(9), 1517-1537.
[11] Chaby L., Boullay V. L., Chetouani M., & Plaza M. (2015). Compensating for age limits through emotional crossmodal integration. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, Article 691.
[12] Circelli, K. S, Clark, U. S., & Cronin-Golomb, A. (2013). Visual scanning patterns and executive function in relation to facial emotion recognition in aging. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 20(2), 148-173.
[13] de Gelder, B. (2009). Why bodies? Twelve reasons for including bodily expressions in affective neuroscience. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Biological, Sciences, 364(1535), 3475-3484.
[14] Demenescu L. R., Mathiak K. A., & Mathiak K. (2014). Age- and gender-related variations of emotion recognition in pseudowords and faces. Experimental Aging Research, 40(2), 187-207.
[15] Dolcos F., Katsumi Y., Moore M., Berggren N., De Gelder B., Derakshan N., & Dolcos S. (2020). Neural correlates of emotion-attention interactions: From perception, learning, and memory to social cognition, individual differences, and training interventions. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 108, 559-601.
[16] Fölster M., Hess U., Hühnel I., & Werheid K. (2015). Age-related response bias in the decoding of sad facial expressions. Behavioral Sciences, 5(4), 443-460.
[17] Gonçalves A. R., Fernandes C., Pasion R., Ferreira-Santos F., Barbosa F., & Marques-Teixeira J. (2018). Effects of age on the identification of emotions in facial expressions: A meta-analysis. PeerJ, 6, Article e5278.
[18] Hayes G. S., McLennan S. N., Henry J. D., Phillips L. H., Terrett G., Rendell P. G., & Labuschagne I. (2020). Task characteristics influence facial emotion recognition age-effects: A meta-analytic review. Psychology and Aging, 35(2), 295-315.
[19] Hess, T. M. (2006). Adaptive aspects of social cognitive functioning in adulthood: Age-related goal and knowledge influences. Social Cognition, 24(3), 279-309.
[20] Hess, T. M. (2014). Selective engagement of cognitive resources: Motivational influences on older adults'cognitive functioning. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9(4), 388-407.
[21] Hess T. M., Growney C. M., O'Brien E. L., Neupert S. D., & Sherwood A. (2018). The role of cognitive costs, attitudes about aging, and intrinsic motivation in predicting engagement in everyday activities. Psychology and Aging, 33(6), 953-964.
[22] Hess T. M., Leclerc C. M., Swaim E., & Weatherbee S. R. (2009). Aging and everyday judgments: The impact of motivational and processing resource factors. Psychology and Aging, 24(3), 735-740.
[23] Holland C. A. C., Ebner N. C., Lin T., & Samanez-Larkin G. R. (2019). Emotion identification across adulthood using the Dynamic FACES database of emotional expressions in younger, middle aged, and older adults. Cognition and Emotion, 33(2), 245-257.
[24] Horning S. M., Cornwell R. E., & Davis H. P. (2012). The recognition of facial expressions: An investigation of the influence of age and cognition. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 19(6), 657-676.
[25] Hunter E. M., Phillips L. H., & MacPherson S. E. (2010). Effects of age on cross-modal emotion perception. Psychology and Aging, 25(4), 779-787.
[26] Isaacowitz, D. M., & Stanley, J. T. (2011). Bringing an ecological perspective to the study of aging and recognition of emotional facial expressions: Past, current, and future methods. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 35(4), 261-278.
[27] Kordsachia C. C., Labuschagne I., & Stout J. C. (2017). Beyond emotion recognition deficits: A theory guided analysis of emotion processing in Huntington's disease. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 73, 276-292.
[28] Krendl, A. C., & Ambady, N. (2010). Older adults’ decoding of emotions: Role of dynamic versus static cues and age-related cognitive decline. Psychology and Aging, 25(4), 788-793.
[29] Mather, M. (2016). The affective neuroscience of aging. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 213-238.
[30] Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2005). Aging and motivated cognition: The positivity effect in attention and memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(10), 496-502.
[31] Murry, M. W. E., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2018). Age similarities in interpersonal perception and conversation ability. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 42(1), 101-111.
[32] Ngo, N., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2015). Use of context in emotion perception: The role of top-down control, cue type, and perceiver's age. Emotion, 15(3), 292-302.
[33] Noh, S. R., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2013). Emotional faces in context: Age differences in recognition accuracy and scanning patterns. Emotion, 13(2), 238-249.
[34] Orgeta, V., & Phillips, L. H. (2007). Effects of age and emotional intensity on the recognition of facial emotion. Experimental Aging Research, 34(1), 63-79.
[35] Phillips L. H., Channon S., Tunstall M., Hedenstrom A., & Lyons K. (2008). The role of working memory in decoding emotions. Emotion, 8(2), 184-191.
[36] Phillips, L. H., & Slessor, G. (2011). Moving beyond basic emotions in aging research. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 35(4), 279-286.
[37] Rauers A., Blanke E., & Riediger M. (2013). Everyday empathic accuracy in younger and older couples: Do you need to see your partner to know his or her feelings? Psychological Science, 24(11), 2210-2217.
[38] Richoz A. R., Lao J. P., Pascalis O., & Caldara R. (2018). Tracking the recognition of static and dynamic facial expressions of emotion across the life span. Journal of Vision, 18(9), Article 5.
[39] Richter, D., & Kunzmann, U. (2011). Age differences in three facets of empathy: performance-based evidence. Psychology Aging, 26(1), 60-70.
[40] Righart, R., & de Gelder, B. (2008a). Rapid influence of emotional scenes on encoding of facial expressions: An ERP study. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 3(3), 270-278.
[41] Righart, R., & de Gelder, B. (2008b). Recognition of facial expressions is influenced by emotional scene gist. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 8(3), 264-272.
[42] Ruffman T., Henry J. D., Livingstone V., & Phillips L. H. (2008). A meta-analytic review of emotion recognition and aging: Implications for neuropsychological models of aging. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32(4), 863-881.
[43] Ruffman T., Zhang J. L., Taumoepeau M., & Skeaff S. (2016). Your way to a better theory of mind: A healthy diet relates to better faux pas recognition in older adults. Experimental Aging Research, 42(3), 279-288.
[44] Slessor G., Riby D. M., & Finnerty A. N. (2013). Age-related differences in processing face configuration: The importance of the eye region. The Journals of Gerontology. Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 68(2), 228-231.
[45] Spence C.,& Driver, J. (2004). Crossmodal space and crossmodal attention. Oxford University Press..
[46] Stanley, J. T., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2015). Caring more and knowing more reduces age-related differences in emotion perception. Psychology and Aging, 30(2), 383-395.
[47] Suzuki, T., & Akiyama, H. (2013). Cognitive aging explains age-related differences in face-based recognition of basic emotions except for anger and disgust. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 20(3), 253-270.
[48] Swirsky, L. T., & Spaniol, J. (2019). Cognitive and motivational selectivity in healthy aging. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 10(6). Article e1512.
[49] Sze J. A., Goodkind M. S., Gyurak A., & Levenson R. W. (2012). Aging and emotion recognition: Not just a losing matter. Psychology and Aging, 27(4), 940-950.
[50] Tamietto, M., & de Gelder, B. (2010). Neural bases of the non-conscious perception of emotional signals. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(10), 697-709.
[51] Vicaria I. M., Bernieri F. J., & Isaacowitz D. M. (2015). Perceptions of rapport across the life span: Gaze patterns and judgment accuracy. Psychology and Aging, 30(2), 396-406.
[52] West J. T., Horning S. M., Klebe K. J., Foster S. M., Cornwell R. E., Perrett D., & Davis H. P. (2012). Age effects on emotion recognition in facial displays: From 20 to 89 years of age. Experimental Aging Research, 38(2), 146-168.
[53] Wieck, C., & Kunzmann, U. (2015). Age differences in empathy: Multidirectional and context-dependent. Psychology and Aging, 30(2), 407-419.
[54] Wieck, C., & Kunzmann, U. (2017). Age differences in emotion recognition: A question of modality? Psychology and Aging, 32(5), 401-411.
[55] Zhang X., Fung H. H., Stanley J. T., Isaacowitz D. M., & Ho M. Y. (2013). Perspective taking in older age revisited: A motivational perspective. Developmental Psychology, 49(10), 1848-1858.
[56] Zhao M. F., Zimmer H. D., Shen X. B., Chen W. F., & Fu X. L. (2016). Exploring the cognitive processes causing the age-related categorization deficit in the recognition of facial expressions. Experimental Aging Research, 42(4), 348-364.