PDF(4217 KB)
儿童青少年校园欺凌与自我攻击及幸福感的关系：一项基于网络分析的研究*
何嘉杰, 钟沛枝, 毛建, 韦俊锋, 陈庭芳, 肖禾, 陈佳榕, 聂衍刚
心理科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (1) : 191-206.
PDF(4217 KB)
PDF(4217 KB)
儿童青少年校园欺凌与自我攻击及幸福感的关系：一项基于网络分析的研究*
The Relationship between School Bullying, Self-Aggression, and Subjective Well-Being among Children and Adolescents: A Network Analysis Study
基于生态系统理论，校园欺凌会威胁儿童青少年的身心健康。通过对12927名儿童青少年的调查，使用网络分析探索了校园欺凌、自我攻击和幸福感之间关系的网络特征及网络的性别与学段差异。结果显示：（1）有17.2%的儿童青少年卷入校园欺凌，男生卷入比例高于女生，卷入率随学段升高而递减；（2）被辱骂、被孤立、辱骂和咬伤自己为网络中的桥节点；（3）不同性别网络的桥节点略有不同，网络结构和整体连接强度差异不显著；（4）不同学段网络的桥节点存在区别，网络结构保持稳定，整体连接强度随学段升高而增强。未来的干预措施应聚焦于网络的桥节点，并根据不同性别和学段学生的特点制定有针对性的方案。
School bullying refers to the deliberate acts of aggression perpetrated by students against their peers within the school environment through physical, verbal, relational, or online means, typically stemming from imbalances in physical strength or social power. Previous research has demonstrated that school bullying affects the self-aggression and subjective well-being of children and adolescents, with the effects varying by gender and educational stage. However, most relevant studies rely on latent variable modeling, a method that specializes in capturing the commonality among factors but is not suitable for uncovering the complex relationships between factors. In comparison, network analysis is an approach that enables the concurrent examination of connections between a group of variables. Such means of assessment can unveil the characteristics of the network constituted by the variables. Hence, the present study employed this analytical approach to investigate the network characteristics of school bullying, self-aggression, and subjective well-being among children and adolescents.
This study utilized the Chinese version of the Olweus bullying and victimization questionnaire, the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire short scale, the Non-suicidal Self-injury Scale, and the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire. Data were collected from 12,927 Chinese children and adolescents ranging from primary to senior high school (Mage = 14.16 years, SD = 2.48 years, 49.4% female). Network analysis was conducted to examine the network structure and bridge nodes among school bullying, self-aggression, and subjective well-being, as well as differences in these networks by gender and educational stage. In addition, a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) analysis was employed to elucidate the potential causal pathways and directional relationships among the investigated variables.
The results showed that 17.2% of the surveyed children and adolescents were involved in school bullying, with higher involvement rates among boys compared to girls and with involvement rates decreasing as the educational stage increased. The bridge nodes in the network were suicidal ideation, being verbally abused, being social isolated, verbally abusing oneself, and biting oneself, reflecting their crucial role in the overall network and demonstrating their importance in connecting different variables. The network’s structure and overall connectivity were consistent across genders, while the bridge nodes were slightly different, indicating overall cross-gender stability. However, there were differences in bridge nodes across educational stages, though the network structure remained stable, and overall connectivity increased with advancing educational stages. This suggests that, while bridge nodes vary somewhat across stages, the interconnection between school bullying, self-aggression, and subjective well-being becomes tighter as students transition from primary to senior high school. The relationship is complex between being bullied and bullying. Being verbally abused and being sociol isolated have direct effects on self-harm and subjective well-being. Suicidal ideation is a core node that connects school bullying and subjective well-being and may serve as a potential mediator. There is a complex interplay between subjective well-being and suicidal ideation. Enhancing a sense of meaning and satisfied with life could be a potential focus of interventions to address suicidal ideation in bullied youth and improve their subjective well-being.
These findings offer critical implications for intervention. First, the continued prevalence of school bullying among Chinese children and adolescents, particularly among boys and younger students, calls for urgent attention, Second, interventions for bullied children and adolescents should focus on the bridge nodes between school bullying, self-aggression, and subjective well-being. When intervening in school bullying, particular attention should be paid to behaviors such as verbal abuse, isolation, and insults, with immediate prohibition of such behaviors with appropriate criticism, education, and even punishment of perpetrators. For victims, monitoring and early intervention for suicidal ideation is crucial, and enhancing the sense of life meaning and satisfied with life may be a key objective of intervention. Lastly, given that the network characteristics differ across educational stages, more precise intervention plans should be designed for different stages to effectively mitigate the impact of school bullying and improve the mental health of children and adolescents.
bullying/victimization / self-aggression / subjective well-being / network analysis
| [1] |
白荣, 高叶淼, 李金文, 刘霞. (2023). 远近端人际压力与FKBP5基因对青少年自伤行为的联合影响:基于发展的视角. 心理学报, 55(9), 1477-1488.
本研究采用为期2年的纵向追踪设计, 在436名青少年中考察远端童年期虐待与近端同伴侵害对青少年自伤的相对作用与影响模式, 以及FKBP5基因在其中发挥的调节作用。结果发现：(1)远近端人际压力均能显著预测青少年自伤行为, 但二者的相对作用在青春期不同阶段会发生变化; (2)在全样本中, 远近端人际压力均以“压力放大”模式影响自伤行为, 即高童年期虐待放大近期同伴侵害对自伤行为的预测作用; (3)纳入FKBP5基因后, 在AA纯合子青少年中仍符合“压力放大模型”, 但在AC和CC基因型青少年中, 影响模式则符合“压力敏感模型”, 即经历高童年期虐待的青少年对近期同伴侵害更加敏感, 在低同伴侵害下自伤得分相对较高。研究结果提示, 远近端人际压力对青少年自伤的特定影响模式因其遗传基因而有所差异。
|
| [2] |
蔡玉清, 董书阳, 袁帅, 胡传鹏. (2020). 变量间的网络分析模型及其应用. 心理科学进展, 28(1), 178-195.
变量间的网络分析模型近年来被广泛应用于心理学研究。不同于将潜变量作为观测变量的共同先导因素的潜变量模型, 网络分析模型将观测变量作为初级指标, 采用图论的方法建立观测变量之间的关系网络, 其中变量为网络的节点, 而变量间的关系是节点之间的连线。因此网络分析可以突显观测变量之间的联系以及观测变量相互影响而形成的系统。通过变量网络中基于各个节点特征的指标(如中心性)以及基于整体结构特征的指标(如小世界性), 网络分析为研究各种心理现象提供了新的可视化的描述方式和理解视角。近10年来, 网络分析的方法已在人格心理学、社会心理学和临床心理学等领域得到一定的应用。未来研究应继续发展和完善网络分析模型的理论和方法, 使之运用到更多的数据类型和更广的研究领域中。
|
| [3] |
傅小兰, 张侃. (2023). 中国国民心理健康发展报告 (2021-2022). 社会科学文献出版社.
|
| [4] |
洪德帆, 徐逸杰, 胡茜, 张嘉瑛, 黄莹莹, 毛然, 蒋索. (2024). 青少年校园受欺凌与自杀意念的关系:基于潜调节的结构方程模型. 心理发展与教育, 40(5), 706-719.
|
| [5] |
纪林芹. (2024). 学生欺凌问题的发生及其防治:基于心理学视角的分析. 教育发展研究, 44(10), 70-76.
|
| [6] |
王孟成, 刘拓. (2023). 心理与行为定量研究手册. 重庆大学出版社.
|
| [7] |
谢家树, 魏宇民, Zhu, Z. R.(2019). 当代中国青少年校园欺凌受害模式探索:基于潜在剖面分析. 心理发展与教育, 35 (1), 95-102.
|
| [8] |
许世梅, 孟迎芳. (2023). 从寻死到觅活:阻断自杀意念向自杀尝试演变的保护因子. 心理科学, 46(4), 991-998.
|
| [9] |
张文新, 武建芬. (1999). Olweus儿童欺负问卷中文版的修订. 心理发展与教育, 15(2), 8-12.
|
| [10] |
张文新. (2002). 中小学生欺负/受欺负的普遍性与基本特点. 心理学报, 34(4), 387-394.
|
| [11] |
张文新. (2023). 欺凌的界定:文化和发展的视角. 心理发展与教育, 39(4), 590-598.
|
| [12] |
张野, 张珊珊, 白冬梅, 刘致宏. (2024). 校园人际排斥与青少年自杀意念的关系:负面评价恐惧与社交焦虑的作用. 心理发展与教育, 40(4), 563-571.
|
| [13] |
张叶, 陈嘉慧, 任萍, 王泉泉. (2024). 受欺负对青少年自伤行为的影响:孤独感的中介作用和教师公正的调节作用. 心理发展与教育, 40(6), 877-885.
|
| [14] |
中华人民共和国教育部. (2021). 教育部办公厅关于印发《防范中小学生欺凌专项治理行动工作方案》的通知. http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A06/s3325/202101/t20210126_511115.html
|
| [15] |
|
| [16] |
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are highly co-morbid among individuals with childhood abuse history, while the mechanism of the co-morbidity is highly debated. This study sought to extent the work among college students with network analysis, which is a novel method that sees the co-morbidity from a symptom interacting perspective.Data was collected from 476 college students who were assessed to have childhood abuse history, PTSD and depression at the same time, using Childhood Trauma Questionnaire- Short Form, PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 and The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression. We created a Graphical Gaussian Model (GGM) network to show associations between symptom pairs and a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) to estimate potential casual relationships among symptoms.The GGM network was reliably stable, feeling sad (Depression) and trouble experiencing positive feelings (PTSD) were the most central nodes. Trouble experiencing positive feelings and several negative affect symptoms, sleep problems and difficulty in concentrating were acting as important bridging nodes. The DAG network suggested the key triggering roles of exaggerated startle (PTSD) and several re-experiencing symptoms.The study used cross-sectional data and self-reported measures. Results from network analysis could be affected by scale factors and contain spurious correlations.In the childhood-abuse-related co-morbid structure, several negative affect symptoms both in PTSD and depression have pivotal roles, hyper-arousal symptoms and re-experiencing symptoms could trigger the co-morbid structure. Illustrating the strength and limitations of network analysis, this study help target the potentially influential symptoms for better clinical intervention.Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.
|
| [17] |
|
| [18] |
In network approaches to psychopathology, disorders result from the causal interplay between symptoms (e.g., worry → insomnia → fatigue), possibly involving feedback loops (e.g., a person may engage in substance abuse to forget the problems that arose due to substance abuse). The present review examines methodologies suited to identify such symptom networks and discusses network analysis techniques that may be used to extract clinically and scientifically useful information from such networks (e.g., which symptom is most central in a person's network). The authors also show how network analysis techniques may be used to construct simulation models that mimic symptom dynamics. Network approaches naturally explain the limited success of traditional research strategies, which are typically based on the idea that symptoms are manifestations of some common underlying factor, while offering promising methodological alternatives. In addition, these techniques may offer possibilities to guide and evaluate therapeutic interventions.
|
| [19] |
|
| [20] |
Human differentiation on the basis of gender is a fundamental phenomenon that affects virtually every aspect of people's daily lives. This article presents the social cognitive theory of gender role development and functioning. It specifies how gender conceptions are constructed from the complex mix of experiences and how they operate in concert with motivational and self-regulatory mechanisms to guide gender-linked conduct throughout the life course. The theory integrates psychological and sociostructural determinants within a unified conceptual structure. In this theoretical perspective, gender conceptions and roles are the product of a broad network of social influences operating interdependently in a variety of societal subsystems. Human evolution provides bodily structures and biological potentialities that permit a range of possibilities rather than dictate a fixed type of gender differentiation. People contribute to their self-development and bring about social changes that define and structure gender relationships through their agentic actions within the interrelated systems of influence.
|
| [21] |
Social isolation is one of the main risk factors associated with suicidal outcomes. The aim of this narrative review was to provide an overview on the link between social isolation and suicidal thoughts and behaviors.We used the PubMed database to identify relevant articles published until April 13, 2018. We focused on: (a) systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and narrative reviews; (b) original observational studies with large samples (N ≥ 500); and (c) qualitative studies. We included all relevant suicidal outcomes: suicidal ideation (SI), suicidal planning, non-suicidal self-injury, deliberate self-harm, suicide attempt (SA), and suicide.The main social constructs associated with suicidal outcomes were marital status (being single, separated, divorced, or widowed) and living alone, social isolation, loneliness, alienation, and belongingness. We included 40 original observational studies, the majority of them performed on adolescents and/or young adults (k = 23, 57.5%). Both the objective condition (e.g., living alone) and the subjective feeling of being alone (i.e., loneliness) were strongly associated with suicidal outcomes, in particular with SA and SI. However, loneliness, which was investigated in most studies (k = 24, 60%), had a major impact on both SI and SA. These associations were transculturally consistent.Confounding factors can limit the weight of the results obtained in observational studies.Data from the observational studies suggest that both objective social isolation and the subjective feeling of loneliness should be incorporated in the risk assessment of suicide. Interventional studies targeting social isolation for suicide prevention are needed.Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.
|
| [22] |
|
| [23] |
This meta-analytic review includes 135 studies, representing 17 countries, of child and adolescent (ages 4-17) samples of overt and relational peer victimization and examines the magnitude of overlap between forms of victimization and associations with five social-psychological adjustment indices. Results indicate a strong intercorrelation between forms of victimization (r¯ = .72). No gender difference with regard to relational victimization was found, but boys were slightly higher in overt victimization. Overt victimization is more strongly associated with overt aggression; relational victimization is more strongly related to internalizing problems, lower levels of received prosocial behavior from peers, and relational aggression. Both forms are related to externalizing problems. Age and method of assessment were explored as potential sources of variability in effect sizes.© 2016 The Authors. Child Development © 2016 Society for Research in Child Development, Inc.
|
| [24] |
Adolescents with previous self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITB) have over 2-fold risk of dying by suicide, higher than older ages. This meta-analysis aims to disentangle the association of each SITB with subsequent suicidal behavior in adolescence/young adulthood, the contribution of each SITB, and the proportion of suicide deaths with no previous suicide attempt.We searched 6 databases until June 2015.1. Assessment of any previous SITB [a) suicidal thoughts and behaviors (ideation; threat/gesture; plan; attempt); b) non-suicidal thoughts and behaviors (thoughts; threat/gesture; self-injury); c) self-harm] as a risk factor of suicide attempt or suicide death; 2. Case-control or cohort studies; 3. Subjects aged 12-26y. Random effect models, metaregression analyses including mental health and environmental variables, and population attributable risks (PAR)s were estimated.From 23,682 potentially eligible articles, 29 were included in the meta-analysis (1,122,054 individuals). While 68% of all youth suicide deaths had no previous suicide attempt, suicide death was very strongly associated with any previous SITB (OR=22.53, 95%CI: 18.40-27.58). Suicide attempts were also associated with a history of previous SITB (OR=3.48, 95%CI: 2.71-4.43). There were no moderating effects for mental health and environmental features. The PAR of previous SITB to suicide attempts is 26%.There is considerable heterogeneity between the available studies. Due to limitations in the original studies, an over-estimation of the proportion dying at their first attempt cannot be ruled out, since they might have missed unrecognized previous suicide attempts.Although more than two thirds of suicide deaths in adolescence/young adulthood have occurred with no previous suicidal behavior, previous SITBs have a much higher risk of dying by suicide than previously reported in this age group.Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
|
| [25] |
|
| [26] |
|
| [27] |
Experiencing depression in adolescence can disrupt important developmental processes, which can have longstanding effects on socioeconomic status and relationships. The objective of this article was to systematically review the evidence examining associations between adolescent depression and adult psychosocial outcomes.Five databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and ERIC) were searched for articles published from 1980 through March 2017. Eligible articles were peer reviewed, published in English, had prospective cohort study designs, and contrasted adult psychosocial outcomes in those with versus without adolescent depression. Outcomes with sufficient data were pooled using random-effects meta-analyses, with summary measures reported as odds ratios (ORs). A protocol for this review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42017059662).Of the 4,988 references screened for inclusion, 31 articles comprising 136 analyses were included for review. Twenty-four cohorts were represented. Seventy-seven analyses across 10 outcomes were meta-analyzed, with remaining analyses summarized narratively. Meta-analyses suggested that adolescent depression was associated with outcomes including, but not limited to, failure to complete secondary school (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.29-2.39), unemployment (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.29-2.14), and pregnancy/parenthood (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.06-1.81).This review demonstrates that adolescent depression is associated with a myriad of adult psychosocial outcomes. Many are linked and can lead to the propagation of difficulties across the lifespan. These findings can have important implications for encouraging the provision of targeted mental health care early in development to improve life chances.Copyright © 2018 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
|
| [28] |
Subjective well-being (SWB), people's emotional and cognitive evaluations of their lives, includes what lay people call happiness, peace, fulfillment, and life satisfaction. Personality dispositions such as extraversion, neuroticism, and self-esteem can markedly influence levels of SWB. Although personality can explain a significant amount of the variability in SWB, life circumstances also influence long-term levels. Cultural variables explain differences in mean levels of SWB and appear to be due to objective factors such as wealth, to norms dictating appropriate feelings and how important SWB is considered to be, and to the relative approach versus avoidance tendencies of societies. Culture can also moderate which variables most influence SWB. Although it is challenging to assess SWB across societies, the measures have some degree of cross-cultural validity. Although nations can be evaluated by their levels of SWB, there are still many open questions in this area.
|
| [29] |
|
| [30] |
The usage of psychological networks that conceptualize behavior as a complex interplay of psychological and other components has gained increasing popularity in various research fields. While prior publications have tackled the topics of estimating and interpreting such networks, little work has been conducted to check how accurate (i.e., prone to sampling variation) networks are estimated, and how stable (i.e., interpretation remains similar with less observations) inferences from the network structure (such as centrality indices) are. In this tutorial paper, we aim to introduce the reader to this field and tackle the problem of accuracy under sampling variation. We first introduce the current state-of-the-art of network estimation. Second, we provide a rationale why researchers should investigate the accuracy of psychological networks. Third, we describe how bootstrap routines can be used to (A) assess the accuracy of estimated network connections, (B) investigate the stability of centrality indices, and (C) test whether network connections and centrality estimates for different variables differ from each other. We introduce two novel statistical methods: for (B) the correlation stability coefficient, and for (C) the bootstrapped difference test for edge-weights and centrality indices. We conducted and present simulation studies to assess the performance of both methods. Finally, we developed the free R-package bootnet that allows for estimating psychological networks in a generalized framework in addition to the proposed bootstrap methods. We showcase bootnet in a tutorial, accompanied by R syntax, in which we analyze a dataset of 359 women with posttraumatic stress disorder available online.
|
| [31] |
|
| [32] |
We introduce the network model as a formal psychometric model, conceptualizing the covariance between psychometric indicators as resulting from pairwise interactions between observable variables in a network structure. This contrasts with standard psychometric models, in which the covariance between test items arises from the influence of one or more common latent variables. Here, we present two generalizations of the network model that encompass latent variable structures, establishing network modeling as parts of the more general framework of structural equation modeling (SEM). In the first generalization, we model the covariance structure of latent variables as a network. We term this framework latent network modeling (LNM) and show that, with LNM, a unique structure of conditional independence relationships between latent variables can be obtained in an explorative manner. In the second generalization, the residual variance-covariance structure of indicators is modeled as a network. We term this generalization residual network modeling (RNM) and show that, within this framework, identifiable models can be obtained in which local independence is structurally violated. These generalizations allow for a general modeling framework that can be used to fit, and compare, SEM models, network models, and the RNM and LNM generalizations. This methodology has been implemented in the free-to-use software package lvnet, which contains confirmatory model testing as well as two exploratory search algorithms: stepwise search algorithms for low-dimensional datasets and penalized maximum likelihood estimation for larger datasets. We show in simulation studies that these search algorithms perform adequately in identifying the structure of the relevant residual or latent networks. We further demonstrate the utility of these generalizations in an empirical example on a personality inventory dataset.
|
| [33] |
|
| [34] |
|
| [35] |
The network perspective on psychopathology understands mental disorders as complex networks of interacting symptoms. Despite its recent debut, with conceptual foundations in 2008 and empirical foundations in 2010, the framework has received considerable attention and recognition in the last years.This paper provides a review of all empirical network studies published between 2010 and 2016 and discusses them according to three main themes: comorbidity, prediction, and clinical intervention.Pertaining to comorbidity, the network approach provides a powerful new framework to explain why certain disorders may co-occur more often than others. For prediction, studies have consistently found that symptom networks of people with mental disorders show different characteristics than that of healthy individuals, and preliminary evidence suggests that networks of healthy people show early warning signals before shifting into disordered states. For intervention, centrality-a metric that measures how connected and clinically relevant a symptom is in a network-is the most commonly studied topic, and numerous studies have suggested that targeting the most central symptoms may offer novel therapeutic strategies.We sketch future directions for the network approach pertaining to both clinical and methodological research, and conclude that network analysis has yielded important insights and may provide an important inroad towards personalized medicine by investigating the network structures of individual patients.
|
| [36] |
|
| [37] |
Negative relationships within the classroom, both with peers and teachers, can be very stressful for adolescents and are often found to be associated with a variety of negative outcomes. In this study, we investigated the concurrent role of peer victimization and perceived teacher unfairness in explaining psychosocial problems in a sample of 1378 Italian students (353 middle school students, M=12.61, SD=0.69, and 1025 high school students, M=14.92, SD=0.81). Structural equation modeling showed that both peer victimization and perceived teacher unfairness were positively associated with reports of more frequent psychological and somatic problems, and negatively related to satisfaction with friends and sense of safety. Only perceived teacher unfairness showed a significant association with satisfaction with school. Results of multi-group modeling demonstrated measurement invariance (total scalar invariance) across both gender and school-level groups. Some gender and school-level differences in the regression coefficients were found. In general, associations between the risk factors and adolescents' problems were stronger for girls and for higher school students. Findings confirmed that both peer victimization and perceived teacher unfairness are significant risk factors within the classroom microsystems. Implications for school psychologists are discussed.Copyright © 2017 Society for the Study of School Psychology. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
|
| [38] |
Bullying is a widespread global issue, with serious consequences for victimized individuals. The current systematic review is the first to explore the consequences of bullying in early adolescence on psychological and academic functioning across the adolescent period. Five databases were examined, yielding 28 relevant studies. Victimized individuals were found to experience negative psychosocial and academic outcomes, including increased depression and anxiety, increased peer rejection, poorer school performance and school connectedness, both over the short term (12 months), and up to 8 years later. Victimized females suffered worse outcomes than victimized males, specifically for symptoms of depression, anxiety and suicidal ideation. Future research should prioritize developing a globally recognized measure of bullying, and designing targeted interventions addressing specific outcomes for victimized females and males.
|
| [39] |
Self-harm is widely recognized as a significant adolescent social problem, and recent research has begun to explore its etiology. Drawing from Agnew's (1992) social psychological strain theory of deviance, this study considers this issue by testing three hypotheses about the effects of traditional and cyber bullying victimization on deliberate self-harm and suicidal ideation. The data come from a school-based survey of adolescents in a rural county of a southeastern state (n = 426); 50% of subjects are female, their mean age was 15 years, and non-Hispanic whites represent 66% of the sample. The analysis revealed that both types of bullying are positively related to self-harm and suicidal ideation, net of controls. Moreover, those relationships are partially mediated by the negative emotions experienced by those who are bullied and partially moderated by features of the adolescent's social environment and self. Regarding the latter, exposure to authoritative parenting and high self-control diminished the harmful effects of bullying victimization on self-harm and suicidal ideation. The article concludes by discussing the implications of these conclusions for future research and for policy efforts designed to reduce self-harm.
|
| [40] |
|
| [41] |
|
| [42] |
|
| [43] |
|
| [44] |
|
| [45] |
|
| [46] |
|
| [47] |
|
| [48] |
Bullying is a recognised serious public problem affecting many students worldwide. Despite the well-established empirical evidence for the negative consequences of bullying on adolescents? mental and physical health and educational outcomes, little is known about the link between bullying victimisation and adolescents? subjective well-being. Moreover, empirical studies using comparative large-scale survey data are particularly scarce. This study explores this question using nationally-representative data from 329,015 adolescents across 64 high and middle-income countries and economies from the 2018 PISA survey. Two measures of subjective well-being were considered: overall life satisfaction and positive affect. Multilevel regressions were estimated at three levels (student, school, and country). Results showed that bullying victimisation was negatively and significantly related to overall life satisfaction and positive affect after controlling for a wide set of factors affecting subjective well-being. Moreover, this negative relationship was more pronounced for top performing students. Locally adapted intervention programmes are needed to tackle the issue of school bullying and foster positive school climate and student well-being. Practical and policy implications are discussed in detail.
|
| [49] |
|
| [50] |
|
| [51] |
Suicidal behavior is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Fortunately, recent developments in suicide theory and research promise to meaningfully advance knowledge and prevention. One key development is the ideation-to-action framework, which stipulates that (a) the development of suicidal ideation and (b) the progression from ideation to suicide attempts are distinct phenomena with distinct explanations and predictors. A second key development is a growing body of research distinguishing factors that predict ideation from those that predict suicide attempts. For example, it is becoming clear that depression, hopelessness, most mental disorders, and even impulsivity predict ideation, but these factors struggle to distinguish those who have attempted suicide from those who have only considered suicide. Means restriction is also emerging as a highly effective way to block progression from ideation to attempt. A third key development is the proliferation of theories of suicide that are positioned within the ideation-to-action framework. These include the interpersonal theory, the integrated motivational-volitional model, and the three-step theory. These perspectives can and should inform the next generation of suicide research and prevention.
|
| [52] |
Bullying victimization is a major public health issue often faced by adolescents. This highlights the need to identify the relevant risk factors to inform intervention. Based on the ecological systems theory and applied cross-lagged panel network analysis, this study explored the longitudinal correlates of bullying victimization among Chinese early adolescents.A total of 1686 early adolescents (60.4 % were boys) from the Chinese Early Adolescent Cohort study were included in this study. Bullying victimization and its associated factors were assessed using the self-report questionnaires, which was administered from 2019 (T1), 2021 (T2), and 2022 (T3). The longitudinal relationships between bullying victimization and its correlates were examined using a cross-lagged panel network analysis.27.0 %, 14.9 %, and 13.2 % of the participants reported being bullied by peers at T1, T2, and T3, respectively. The temporal network suggested that individual-level (sex, depression, and anxiety), family-level (child abuse), school-level (satisfaction with classmates), and social-level (satisfaction with society) factors were associated with bullying victimization. The node with the greatest centrality strength was anxiety. Notably, relationship with teachers and classmates were the unique nodes in the T2 → T3 replication network.The sample is unrepresentative, as it is from only one middle school.The findings provide important insights into bullying victimization prevention and intervention among Chinese early adolescents: 1) highlighting the importance of joint interventions across multiple departments; 2) focusing on the most central factors of bullying victimization; and 3) considering the effect of time when exploring the correlates of bullying victimization.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
|
| [53] |
\n Considerable developmental research has shown an association between peer victimization and subjective well-being among adolescents. However, the mediating processes and protective factors that constrain this association are less understood. To fill these gaps, we investigated whether self-esteem mediates the association between peer victimization and subjective well-being and whether forgiveness moderates the direct and indirect associations of peer victimization with adolescents’ subjective well-being via self-esteem. A large sample of 2,758 adolescents (\n M\n age\n = 13.53 years,\n SD\n = 1.06) from 10 middle schools in China participated in this study. Participants provided data on demographic variables, peer victimization, self-esteem, forgiveness, and subjective well-being by answering anonymous questionnaires. After controlling for demographic covariates, we found that self-esteem mediated the relationship between peer victimization and subjective well-being. Furthermore, as a protective factor, forgiveness moderated the relationship between peer victimization and self-esteem. Consistent with the protective-reactive model, when adolescents experienced more peer victimization, those with higher forgiveness levels exhibited a greater decline in self-esteem, and low self-esteem was then associated with decreased subjective well-being. These findings demonstrate the utility of examining both mediating and moderating factors in this relationship and highlight the negative impact of peer victimization on adolescent self-worth and the limited role of forgiveness as a protective factor.\n
|
| [54] |
Experimental psychopathology has been the primary path to gaining causal knowledge about variables maintaining mental disorders. Yet a radically different approach to conceptualizing psychopathology promises to advance our understanding, thereby complementing traditional laboratory experiments. In contrast to viewing symptoms as reflective of underlying, latent categories or dimensions, network analysis conceptualizes symptoms as constitutive of mental disorders, not reflective of them. Disorders emerge from the causal interactions among symptoms themselves, and intervening on central symptoms in disorder networks promises to foster rapid recovery. One purpose of this article is to contrast network analysis with traditional approaches, and consider its strengths and limitations. A second purpose is to review novel computational methods that may enable researchers to discern the causal structure of disorders (e.g., Bayesian networks). I close by sketching exciting new developments in methods that have direct implications for treatment.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
|
| [55] |
|
| [56] |
|
| [57] |
|
| [58] |
Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a prevalent but perplexing behavior problem in which people deliberately harm themselves without lethal intent. Research reveals that NSSI typically has its onset during early adolescence; most often involves cutting or carving the skin; and appears equally prevalent across sexes, ethnicities, and socioeconomic statuses. Less is known about why people engage in NSSI. This article presents a theoretical model of the development and maintenance of NSSI. Rather than a symptom of mental disorder, NSSI is conceptualized as a harmful behavior that can serve several intrapersonal (e.g., affect regulation) and interpersonal (e.g., help-seeking) functions. Risk of NSSI is increased by general factors that contribute to problems with affect regulation or interpersonal communication (e.g., childhood abuse) and by specific factors that influence the decision to use NSSI rather than some other behavior to serve these functions (e.g., social modeling). This model synthesizes research from several different areas of the literature and points toward several lines of research needed to further advance the understanding of why people hurt themselves.
|
| [59] |
This review addresses three questions regarding the relationships among gender, emotion regulation, and psychopathology: (a) are there gender differences in emotion regulation strategies, (b) are emotion regulation strategies similarly related to psychopathology in men and women, and (c) do gender differences in emotion regulation strategies account for gender differences in psychopathology? Women report using most emotion regulation strategies more than men do, and emotion regulation strategies are similarly related to psychopathology in women and men. More rumination in women compared to men partially accounts for greater depression and anxiety in women compared to men, while a greater tendency to use alcohol to cope partially accounts for more alcohol misuse in men compared to women. The literature on emotion regulation is likely missing vital information on how men regulate their emotions. I discuss lessons learned and questions raised about the relationships between gender differences in emotion regulation and gender differences in psychopathology.
|
| [60] |
|
| [61] |
The suicide rate in Scotland is twice as high as that in England. However, the prevalence of self-harm is unknown.
|
| [62] |
To investigate the normative trajectory of self-esteem across the life span, this meta-analysis synthesizes the available longitudinal data on mean-level change in self-esteem. The analyses were based on 331 independent samples, including data from 164,868 participants. As effect size measure, we used the standardized mean change per year. The mean age associated with the effect sizes ranged from 4 to 94 years. Results showed that average levels of self-esteem increased from age 4 to 11 years (cumulative = 0.34; cumulative ds are relative to age 4), remained stable from age 11 to 15, increased strongly until age 30 (cumulative = 1.05), continued to increase until age 60 (cumulative = 1.30), peaked at age 60 and remained constant until age 70, declined slightly until age 90 (cumulative = 1.15), and declined more strongly until age 94 (cumulative = 0.76). Moderator analyses were conducted for the full set of samples and for the subset of samples between ages 10 to 20 years. Although the measure of self-esteem accounted for differences in effect sizes, the moderator analyses suggested that the pattern of mean-level change held across gender, country, ethnicity, sample type, and birth cohort. The meta-analytic findings clarify previously unresolved issues about the nature and magnitude of self-esteem change in specific developmental periods (i.e., childhood, adolescence, and old age) and draw a much more precise picture of the life span trajectory of self-esteem. (PsycINFO Database Record(c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
|
| [63] |
This study examined whether the associations between self-aggression and different forms of externalized aggression (reactive and spontaneous aggression) are influenced by self-esteem and current psychopathological symptoms. For this purpose, we asked 681 participants from the general population (GP) and 282 general psychiatric patients (PPs) to answer the German versions of the Short Questionnaire for Assessing Factors of Aggression (K-FAF), the Multidimensional Self-Esteem Scale (MSWS), and the Brief Symptom Inventory 25 Forensic (BSI-25-F). Statistically, we performed descriptive and mediation analyses. Our findings indicated that in both samples the association between self-aggression and reactive aggression was mediated by self-esteem but not by current psychological problems. The association between self-aggression and spontaneous aggression was mediated by self-esteem in the GP sample and by psychopathological symptoms in the PP sample. We conclude that when examining the association between self-aggression and externalized aggression it is important to consider the various subtypes of externalized aggression and differences between populations.© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
|
| [64] |
Previous research has found associations between non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs), yet the nature of this relationship remains equivocal. The goal of the present study was to examine how lifetime NSSI frequency and individual NSSI functions relate to a history of suicidal ideation, plan, and attempt. Data were collected via a large (N=13,396) web-based survey of university students between the ages of 18 and 29. After demographics and psychiatric conditions were controlled for, we found a positive curvilinear relationship between NSSI frequency and each of the suicide outcomes. When examined among those with STBs, bipolar disorder and problematic substance use remained positively associated with risk for suicide attempt, but not NSSI. Analyses of individual NSSI functions showed differential associations with STBs of varying severity. Specifically, nearly every NSSI function was significantly related to suicide attempt, with functions related to avoiding committing suicide, coping with self-hatred, and feeling generation (anti-dissociation) showing the strongest risks for suicide attempt. From both clinical and research perspectives, these findings suggest the importance of assessing multiple reasons for engaging in self-injury. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
|
| [65] |
|
| [66] |
|
| [67] |
Previous research about the relationship between bullying victimization and adolescent depressive symptoms was mostly based on latent variable modeling. This study, instead, applied item-level analysis to explore the cross-sectional relationship and longitudinal development between bullying victimization and adolescent depressive symptoms with network models.This study used Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire and Children's Depression Inventory to collect data. A total of 1911 middle school students (55.2 % female; M = 12.98 ± 0.60 at T1) completed measures on four occasions at 6-month intervals. Nine network analysis models were employed to better understand the relationship between variables.(1) "Being threatened or intimidated" was the most influential bullying behavior within bullying victimization items; (2) "being excluded", "being spoken ill of" and "negative mood" were the bridge items between bullying victimization and adolescent depressive symptoms; (3) the most influential bullying victimization item on adolescent depressive symptoms was "being robbed or blackmailed" for short-term development and "being excluded" for long-term development. While the most affected depressive symptom by bullying victimization was "anhedonia" for short-term development and "negative mood" for long-term development.Self-report measure is adopted for all variables in the study, and there may be some deviation. Due to the questionnaires, the items of bullying behaviors and depressive symptoms included in the network analysis are limited.From the item level, this study found more specific relationships between bullying victimization and adolescent depressive symptoms. These findings highlight depressed mood and anhedonia are depressive symptoms that should be more paid attention to in clinical intervention for bullying victims.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
|
| [68] |
History counts and cannot be overlooked. As a case in point, the origins of major theoretical tensions in the field of developmental psychology are traced back to Piaget (1896–1980), who paved the way to major discoveries regarding the origins and development of cognition. His theory framed much of the new ideas on early cognitive development that emerged in the 1970s, in the footsteps of the 1960s’ cognitive revolution. Here, I retrace major conceptual changes since Piaget and provide a metaview on empirical findings that may have triggered the call for such changes. Nine theoretical views and intuitions are identified, all in strong reaction to some or all of the four cornerstone assumptions of Piaget’s developmental account (i.e., action realism, domain generality, stages, and late representation). As a result, new and more extreme stances are now taken in the nature-versus-nurture debate. These stances rest on profoundly different, often clashing theoretical intuitions that keep shaping developmental research since Piaget.
|
| [69] |
|
| [70] |
Modelling the associations from high-throughput experimental molecular data has provided unprecedented insights into biological pathways and signalling mechanisms. Graphical models and networks have especially proven to be useful abstractions in this regard. Ad hoc thresholds are often used in conjunction with structure learning algorithms to determine significant associations. The present study overcomes this limitation by proposing a statistically motivated approach for identifying significant associations in a network.A new method that identifies significant associations in graphical models by estimating the threshold minimising the L1 norm between the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the observed edge confidences and those of its asymptotic counterpart is proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated on popular synthetic data sets as well as publicly available experimental molecular data corresponding to gene and protein expression profiles.The improved performance of the proposed approach is demonstrated across the synthetic data sets using sensitivity, specificity and accuracy as performance metrics. The results are also demonstrated across varying sample sizes and three different structure learning algorithms with widely varying assumptions. In all cases, the proposed approach has specificity and accuracy close to 1, while sensitivity increases linearly in the logarithm of the sample size. The estimated threshold systematically outperforms common ad hoc ones in terms of sensitivity while maintaining comparable levels of specificity and accuracy. Networks from experimental data sets are reconstructed accurately with respect to the results from the original papers.Current studies use structure learning algorithms in conjunction with ad hoc thresholds for identifying significant associations in graphical abstractions of biological pathways and signalling mechanisms. Such an ad hoc choice can have pronounced effect on attributing biological significance to the associations in the resulting network and possible downstream analysis. The statistically motivated approach presented in this study has been shown to outperform ad hoc thresholds and is expected to alleviate spurious conclusions of significant associations in such graphical abstractions.Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
|
| [71] |
Although adolescents' emotional lives are thought to be more turbulent than those of adults, it is unknown whether this difference is attributable to developmental changes in emotional reactivity or emotion regulation. Study 1 addressed this question by presenting healthy individuals aged 10-23 with negative and neutral pictures and asking them to respond naturally or use cognitive reappraisal to down-regulate their responses on a trial-by-trial basis. Results indicated that age exerted both linear and quadratic effects on regulation success but was unrelated to emotional reactivity. Study 2 replicated and extended these findings using a different reappraisal task and further showed that situational (i.e., social vs. nonsocial stimuli) and dispositional (i.e., level of rejection sensitivity) social factors interacted with age to predict regulation success: young adolescents were less successful at regulating responses to social than to nonsocial stimuli, particularly if the adolescents were high in rejection sensitivity. Taken together, these results have important implications for the inclusion of emotion regulation in models of emotional and cognitive development.PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved.
|
| [72] |
|
| [73] |
|
| [74] |
We examined the impact of COVID-19 on bullying prevalence rates in a sample of 6578 Canadian students in Grades 4 to 12. To account for school changes associated with the pandemic, students were randomized at the school level into two conditions: (1) the pre-COVID-19 condition, assessing bullying prevalence rates retrospectively before the pandemic, and (2) the current condition, assessing rates during the pandemic. Results indicated that students reported far higher rates of bullying involvement before the pandemic than during the pandemic across all forms of bullying (general, physical, verbal, and social), except for cyber bullying, where differences in rates were less pronounced. Despite anti-Asian rhetoric during the pandemic, no difference was found between East Asian Canadian and White students on bullying victimization. Finally, our validity checks largely confirmed previous published patterns in both conditions: (1) girls were more likely to report being bullied than boys, (2) boys were more likely to report bullying others than girls, (3) elementary school students reported higher bullying involvement than secondary school students, and (4) gender diverse and LGTBQ + students reported being bullied at higher rates than students who identified as gender binary or heterosexual. These results highlight that the pandemic may have mitigated bullying rates, prompting the need to consider retaining some of the educational reforms used to reduce the spread of the virus that could foster caring interpersonal relationships at school such as reduced class sizes, increased supervision, and blended learning.© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
|
| [75] |
|
| [76] |
Twenty-three samples from 22 longitudinal studies assessing both bullying perpetration and bullying victimization were selected from a sample of 1,408 candidate studies using several prespecified criteria (i.e., participants ≤ 18 years of age; self-reported bullying victimization and perpetration assessed with a lag of at least 1 month but no more than 24 months; not a treatment or program study). A random effects meta-analysis was then performed on the concurrent and cross-lagged longitudinal associations between bullying victimization and perpetration in the 23 samples. A large pooled effect size (r =.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [.34,.45]) was obtained for the concurrent association between bullying victimization and perpetration, whereas modest to moderate effect sizes (victimization to perpetration: r =.20, 95% CI [.17,.24]; perpetration to victimization: r =.21, 95% CI [.17,.24]) were obtained for the two cross-lagged longitudinal correlations. The results did not change when analyses were conducted separately for traditional bullying and cyberbullying outcomes. These findings indicate that bullying victimization and perpetration correlate strongly and that their cross-lagged longitudinal relationship runs in both directions, such that perpetration is just as likely to lead to future victimization as victimization is to lead to future perpetration. Different theoretical models are proposed in an effort to explain these results: cycle of violence, general strain, and social cognitive theories for victimization leading to perpetration and risky lifestyles, routine activities, and peer selection theories for perpetration leading to victimization.
|
| [77] |
The principal aim of this study was to test one cognitive (i.e., hostility) and two emotional (anger and depression) variables as possible mediators of the well-documented association between bullying victimization and bullying perpetration. Using data from the Illinois Study of Bullying and Sexual Violence (ISBSV), a sample of 718 pre-adolescent/early adolescent children (343 boys and 375 girls) provided self-report data in three waves, with six months between waves. Consistent with predictions, hostility and depression correlated equally well with prior bullying victimization but only hostility successfully mediated the relation between prior bullying victimization and subsequent bullying perpetration. Like hostility, anger successfully predicted bullying perpetration but unlike hostility it failed to mediate the victimization-perpetration association. Knowing that hostility provides a link between bullying victimization and bullying perpetration has both theoretical and practical implications. With respect to theory, the current results are largely consistent with the control model of criminal lifestyle development. From the standpoint of practice, intervention programs designed to address the cognitive construct of hostility, which appears to serve as a conduit through which bullying victimization leads to bullying perpetration, may not only help bullied children cope with the trauma of victimization but may also disrupt the victim to victimizer cycle responsible for creating an ever-expanding supply of new bullies.Copyright © 2017 Society for the Study of School Psychology. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
|
| [78] |
|
| [79] |
|
| [80] |
This study examined associations of peer socialization and selection, over time, with nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) among 5,787 (54.2 % females) Chinese community adolescents. Both effects were tested using two aspects of adolescents' friendship networks: the best friend and the friendship group. Participants completed questionnaires assessing NSSI, depressive symptoms and maladaptive impulsive behaviors at two waves of time over a 6-month period. Results showed that even after controlling for the effects of depressive symptoms and maladaptive impulsive behaviors, the best friends' engagement in NSSI still significantly predicted adolescents' own engagement in NSSI. Adolescents' friendship groups' NSSI status also significantly predicted their own NSSI status and frequency. Additionally, adolescents with NSSI tended to join peer groups with other members also engaging in NSSI.
|
| [81] |
Early-onset disorders (e.g., conduct problems, autism) show a marked male preponderance, whereas adolescent-onset disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety) show a marked female preponderance. A developmental psychopathology framework provides a means to investigate complex gender-related etiologies of these different disorders. This review focuses on biological and environmental factors implicated in the development of conduct problems and depression in boys and girls. Boys and girls showed certain differences in types, rates, comorbidities, antecedents, correlates, and trajectories of these problems. Origins of male and female preponderant problems are likely to be rooted, in part, in biological, physical, cognitive, and social-emotional differences in boys and girls that can precede the expression of clinical problems. These male-like and female-like characteristics are considered regarding conduct problems and depression to explore how they inform biological and environmental theories about gender and psychopathology. At the same time, because boys and girls also show many similarities, it is important to avoid sex-stereotyping mental health problems.
|
| [82] |
|
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
