校园欺凌受害青少年创伤后应激症状和抑郁症状的共病网络分析：性别差异比较*

杨西玛; 孙睿; 周宵

doi:10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20260519

PDF(1877 KB)

心理科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (5) : 1243-1257. DOI: 10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20260519

临床与咨询

校园欺凌受害青少年创伤后应激症状和抑郁症状的共病网络分析：性别差异比较^*

杨西玛 ¹ ,
孙睿 ² ,
周宵 ³^,^**

作者信息 +

Network Analysis of Comorbid Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescent Victims of School Bullying: Test for Gender Differences

Yang Xima ¹ ,
Sun Rui ² ,
Zhou Xiao ³^,^**

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

为探究校园欺凌受害青少年的创伤后应激症状和抑郁症状的共病网络特征及其在不同性别群体中的表现，研究采用《中文版特拉华欺凌受害量表》、依据《精神障碍诊断与统计手册（第5版）》的《创伤后应激障碍核查表》以及《中文版流调中心用儿童抑郁量表》对724名校园欺凌受害青少年进行问卷调查。结果发现，男女生的创伤后应激症状-抑郁症状共病网络在结构和整体强度上差异不显著，且共病网络的中心症状和桥接症状存在异同。本研究仅在男生群体中发现创伤后应激症状和抑郁症状的共享重叠症状，即注意问题和消极情绪，具有较强的桥接中心性。研究结果表明，尽管创伤后应激症状-抑郁症状共病网络在男女生群体中具有稳定性，但在具体的中心症状和桥接症状上呈现不同的模式。研究为针对表现出创伤后应激症状-抑郁症状共病的校园欺凌受害青少年开展性别差异化干预提供了实践依据。

Abstract

Although the comorbidity of post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and depressive symptoms is well-documented across various traumatic events, the comorbidity network among school bullying victims remains understudied, particularly concerning potential gender differences. The overlapping symptoms hypothesis posits that shared symptoms between PTSS and depressive symptoms drive their comorbidity, which has been rarely tested using network analysis. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the comorbidity network characteristics of PTSS and depressive symptoms among adolescent victims of school bullying, focusing on how these symptoms manifest differently across gender groups through the application of network analysis method. A total of 724 adolescents who were victims of school bullying participated in the survey, and this study was conducted using the Chinese version of the Delaware Bullying Victimization Scale, the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, and the Chinese version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for Children.

The results showed that in the overall sample of this study, the nodes with higher expected influence (EI) in the network were grief, flashback, sadness, no positive emotion, detachment, and concentration problems. The primary bridge symptoms connecting the PTSS and depressive symptom networks were no positive emotion, detachment, concentration problems, cannot concentrate, feeling fearful, and negative beliefs. However, attentional problems were the overlapping symptoms shared by PTSS and depressive symptoms.

Furthermore, the results revealed that there were no significant differences in the structure or overall strength of the PTSS-depressive symptoms networks between male and female adolescents. However, there were similarities and differences in the central symptoms and bridge symptoms of the comorbidity networks. Notably, overlapping symptoms of PTSS and depressive symptoms, specifically attention problems and negative emotions, were identified only in the male group, with these symptoms demonstrating stronger bridge centrality.

Specifically, among boys, the symptoms of grief, sadness, flashback, detachment, and irritability and anger exhibited stronger EI. The main bridge symptoms in the comorbidity network of PTSS and depressive symptoms among boys were concentration problems, cannot concentrate detachment, no positive emotion, sadness, and people dislike me. Therefore, attention problems and negative emotions were overlapping symptoms of PTSS and depressive symptoms in boys who have experienced school bullying. In the PTSS-depressive symptoms comorbidity network among bullying victimized girls, flashback, grief, no positive emotion, concentration problems, and feeling tired were identified as central symptoms. The main bridge symptoms in the girls’ PTSS and depressive symptoms network were no positive emotion, feeling fearful, detachment, hard to do something and sleep problems. It could be seen that grief and flashback were central symptoms common to both genders, while detachment and no positive emotion served as shared bridge symptoms.

Theoretically, these findings provide gender-specific support for the overlapping symptoms hypothesis. While the boys' comorbidity network was driven by both overlapping (e.g., attention problems, negative emotions) and non-overlapping bridge symptoms (e.g., people dislike me), the girls’ network was driven exclusively by non-overlapping symptoms (e.g., feeling fearful, hard to do something). Practically, this study offers a prioritized intervention framework for bullying-victimized adolescents. First, targeting shared bridge symptoms (e.g., detachment, no positive emotion) can disrupt cross-diagnostic connectors, yielding broad effectiveness across both genders. Second, treatments should be tailored to gender-specific dynamics—prioritizing overlapping symptoms in boys and distinct non-overlapping symptoms in girls. Taken together, these findings highlight the value of integrating transdiagnostic and gender-specific strategies in treating PTSS and depressive symptoms.

导出引用

杨西玛, 孙睿, 周宵. 校园欺凌受害青少年创伤后应激症状和抑郁症状的共病网络分析：性别差异比较^*[J]. 心理科学. 2026, 49(5): 1243-1257 https://doi.org/10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20260519

Yang Xima, Sun Rui, Zhou Xiao. Network Analysis of Comorbid Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescent Victims of School Bullying: Test for Gender Differences[J]. Journal of Psychological Science. 2026, 49(5): 1243-1257 https://doi.org/10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20260519

参考文献

列表( 原文顺序 | 文献年度倒序 | 文中引用次数倒序 ) 可视化分析

[1]	汪向东. (1993). 心理卫生评定量表手册. 中国心理卫生杂志社. 本文引用 [1]

[2]	王孟成, 刘拓. (2023). 心理与行为定量研究手册. 重庆大学出版社. 本文引用 [1]

[3]	谢家树, 魏宇民, Zhu, Z. (2019). 当代中国青少年校园欺凌受害模式探索:基于潜在剖面分析. 心理发展与教育, 35(1), 95-102. 本文引用 [1]

[4]	谢家树, 魏宇民, Bear, G. (2018). 特拉华欺凌受害量表(学生卷)中文版再修订及初步应用. 中国临床心理学杂志, 26(2), 259-263. 本文引用 [2]

[5]	Afzali, M. H., Sunderland, M., Teesson, M., Carragher, N., Mills, K., & Slade, T. (2017). A network approach to the comorbidity between posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder: The role of overlapping symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 208, 490-496. 本文引用 [4]

[6]	Aitken, M., Neufeld, S. A. S., Ma, C., Goodyer, I. M., & IMPACT, Consortium. (2025). Dynamics of depression symptoms in adolescents during three types of psychotherapy and post-treatment follow-up. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 66(11), 1675-1687. 本文引用 [1]

[7]	Alloy, L. B., Hamilton, J. L., Hamlat, E. J., & Abramson, L. Y. (2016). Pubertal development, emotion regulatory styles, and the emergence of sex differences in internalizing disorders and symptoms in adolescence. Clinical Psychological Science, 4(5), 867-881. 本文引用 [4]

[8]	American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th edition). American Psychiatric Association. 本文引用 [1]

[9]	Backholm, K., & Björkqvist, K. (2012). The mediating effect of depression between exposure to potentially traumatic events and PTSD in news journalists. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 3(1), 18388. 本文引用 [1]

[10]	Baek, H., Andreescu, V., & Rolfe, S. M. (2017). Bullying and fear of victimization: Do supportive adults in school make a difference in adolescents' perceptions of safety? Journal of School Violence, 18(1), 92-106. 本文引用 [1]

[11]	Betts, L. R., Houston, J. E., Steer, O. L., & Gardner, S. E. (2017). Adolescents' experiences of victimization: The role of attribution style and generalized trust. Journal of School Violence, 16(1), 25-48. 本文引用 [1]

[12]

Birkeland,

M. S.

, Skar,

A. S.

, & Jensen,

T. K.

(2022). Understanding the relationships between trauma type and individual posttraumatic stress symptoms: A cross‐sectional study of a clinical sample of children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(12), 1496-1504.

本文引用 [1]

[13]	Borsboom, D. (2017). A network theory of mental disorders. World Psychiatry, 16(1), 5-13. 本文引用 [3]

[14]	Borsboom, D., & Cramer, A. O. J. (2013). Network analysis: An integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9(1), 91-121. 本文引用 [2]

[15]	Boulton, M. J., Trueman, M., & Murray, L. (2008). Associations between peer victimization, fear of future victimization and disrupted concentration on class work among junior school pupils. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 78(3), 473-489. 本文引用 [1]

[16]	Boyes, M. E., Bowes, L., Cluver, L. D., Ward, C. L., & Badcock, N. A. (2014). Bullying victimization, internalizing symptoms, and conduct problems in South African children and adolescents: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(8), 1313-1324. 本文引用 [1]

[17]	Bryant, R. A., Creamer, M., O’Donnell, M., Forbes, D., McFarlane, A. C., Silove, D., & Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. (2017). Acute and chronic posttraumatic stress symptoms in the emergence of posttraumatic stress disorder: A network analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(2), 135-142. 本文引用 [1]

[18]	Chen, J., Xiong, Y., Yang, L., Liang, Y., & Ren, P. (2025). Bullying victimization and self-harm in adolescents: The roles of emotion regulation and bullying peer norms. Child Abuse and Neglect, 160, 107199. 本文引用 [1]

[19]	Chen, S. Z., Zainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2024). Elevated depression and anxiety predict future patterns of individualistic and collectivistic cultural values: A cross-lagged longitudinal network analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 349, 310-320. 本文引用 [1]

[20]	Chen, S., Bi, K., Lyu, S., Sun, P., & Bonanno, G. A. (2022). Depression and PTSD in the aftermath of strict COVID-19 lockdowns: A cross-sectional and longitudinal network analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 13(2), 2115635. 本文引用 [2]

[21]	Chernick, M. R. (2011). Bootstrap methods: A Guide for Practitioners and Researchers. John Wiley & Sons. 本文引用 [1]

[22]

Choi,

K. W.

, Batchelder,

A. W.

, Ehlinger,

P. P.

, Safren,

S. A.

, & O’Cleirigh,

(2017). Applying network analysis to psychological comorbidity and health behavior: Depression, PTSD, and sexual risk in sexual minority men with trauma histories. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85(12), 1158-1170.

本文引用 [1]

[23]	Cramer, A. O. J., Waldorp, L. J., van der, Maas, Han, L. J., & Borsboom, D. (2010). Comorbidity: A network perspective. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2-3), 137-150. 本文引用 [1]

[24]	Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(4), 319-345. 本文引用 [1]

[25]	Epskamp, S., & Fried, E. I. (2018). A tutorial on regularized partial correlation networks. Psychological Methods, 23(4), 617-634. 本文引用 [1]

[26]	Epskamp, S., Borsboom, D., & Fried, E. I. (2018). Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper. Behavior Research Methods, 50(1), 195-212. 本文引用 [3]

[27]	Epskamp, S., Cramer, A. O. J., Waldorp, L. J., Schmittmann, V. D., & Borsboom, D. (2012). Qgraph: Network visualizations of relationships in psychometric data. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(4), 1-18. 本文引用 [2]

[28]	Fendrich, M., Weissman, M. M., & Warner, V. (1990). Screening for depressive disorder in children and adolescents: Validating the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale for children. American Journal of Epidemiology, 131(3), 538-551. 本文引用 [1]

[29]	Garcia, D., & Rimé B. (2019). Collective emotions and social resilience in the digital traces after a terrorist attack. Psychological Science, 30(4), 617-628. 本文引用 [1]

[30]	Garza, K., & Jovanovic, T. (2017). Impact of gender on child and adolescent PTSD. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19(11), 87. 本文引用 [1]

[31]	Ge, F., Yuan, M., Li, Y., Zhang, J., & Zhang, W. (2019). Changes in the network structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms at different time points among youth survivors: A network analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 259, 288-295. 本文引用 [1]

[32]	Gijzen, M. W. M., Rasing, S. P. A., Creemers, D. H. M., Smit, F., Engels, R. C. M. E., & De Beurs, D. (2021). Suicide ideation as a symptom of adolescent depression. a network analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 278, 68-77. 本文引用 [1]

[33]	Gini, G., Marino, C., Pozzoli, T., & Holt, M. (2018). Associations between peer victimization, perceived teacher unfairness, and adolescents' adjustment and well-being. Journal of School Psychology, 67, 56-68. 本文引用 [1]

[34]	Gong, X., Huebner, E. S., & Tian, L. (2021). Bullying victimization and developmental trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems: The moderating role of locus of control among children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 49(3), 351-366. 本文引用 [1]

[35]	Guo, L., Hong, L., Gao, X., Zhou, J., & Zhang, W. H. (2016). Associations between depression risk, bullying and current smoking among Chinese adolescents: Modulated by gender. Psychiatry Research, 237, 282-289. 本文引用 [1]

[36]	Haag, K., Fraser, A., Hiller, R., Seedat, S., Zimmerman, A., & Halligan, S. L. (2020). The emergence of sex differences in PTSD symptoms across development: Evidence from the ALSPAC cohort. Psychological Medicine, 50(10), 1755-1760. 本文引用 [1]

[37]	Hampel, P., & Petermann, F. (2005). Age and gender effects on coping in children and adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(2), 73-83. 本文引用 [1]

[38]	Hankin, B. L., Mermelstein, R., & Roesch, L. (2007). Sex differences in adolescent depression: Stress exposure and reactivity models. Child Development, 78(1), 279-295. 本文引用 [1]

[39]	Hayward, C. (2003). Gender differences at puberty. Cambridge University Press. 本文引用 [2]

[40]	He, Y., Chen, S., Xie, G., Chen, L., Zhang, T., Yuan, M., Li, Y., Chang, J., & Su, P. (2022). Bidirectional associations among school bullying, depressive symptoms and sleep problems in adolescents: A cross-lagged longitudinal approach. Journal of Affective Disorders, 298, 590-598. 本文引用 [1]

[41]	Hébert, M., Tremblay-Perreault, A., & Myre, G. (2021). The interplay of depression and hostile attributions in the link between PTSD symptoms and peer victimization in child victims of sexual abuse. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 52(2), 291-300. 本文引用 [1]

[42]	Hu, A., Zhang, Y., Sun, J., Wang, X., Natsuaki, M. N., & Jiang, N. (2025). Fatigue as a central bridge: Temporal dynamics between problematic smartphone use and depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 19(73). 本文引用 [1]

[43]	Idsoe, T., Dyregrov, A., & Idsoe, E. C. (2012). Bullying and PTSD symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(6), 901-911. 本文引用 [1]

[44]

Jannini,

T. B.

, Socci,

, Schimmenti,

, Terrone,

, Sideli,

, Alameda,

, Aas,

, Di Lorenzo,

, Niolu,

, & Rossi,

(2025). Mapping connections between complex post-traumatic stress disorder and psychotic-like experiences among adolescents: A Gaussian and Bayesian network study. Psychological Medicine, 55, e61.

本文引用 [1]

[45]	Jones, P. J., Ma, R., & McNally, R. J. (2021). Bridge centrality: A network approach to understanding comorbidity. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 56(2), 353-367. 本文引用 [1]

[46]

Koyanagi,

, Oh,

, Carvalho,

A. F.

, Smith,

, Haro,

J. M.

, Vancampfort,

, Stubbs,

, & DeVylder,

J. E.

(2019). Bullying victimization and suicide attempt among adolescents aged 12-15 years from 48 countries. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 58(9), 907-918.

本文引用 [1]

[47]	Låftman, S., Alm, S., Sandahl, J., & Modin, B. (2018). Future orientation among students exposed to school bullying and cyberbullying victimization. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(4), 605. 本文引用 [1]

[48]	Laninga-Wijnen, L., Pouwels, J. L., Giletta, M., & Salmivalli, C. (2024). Feeling better now? Being defended diminishes daily mood problems and self-blame in victims of bullying. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(4), 1294-1322. 本文引用 [1]

[49]

Larsen,

J. K.

, Vermulst,

A. A.

, Eisinga,

, English,

, Gross,

J. J.

, Hofman,

, Scholte,

R. H. J.

, & Engels,

Rutger C. M. E.

(2012). Social coping by masking? Parental support and peer victimization as mediators of the relationship between depressive symptoms and expressive suppression in adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(12), 1628-1642.

本文引用 [1]

[50]	Lazarov, A., Suarez-Jimenez, B., Levi, O., Coppersmith, D. D. L., Lubin, G., Pine, D. S., Bar-Haim, Y., Abend, R., & Neria, Y. (2020). Symptom structure of PTSD and co-morbid depressive symptoms-a network analysis of combat veteran patients. Psychological Medicine, 50(13), 2154-2170. 本文引用 [2]

[51]	Liu, A., Liu, M., Ren, Y., Lin, W., & Wu, X. (2023). Exploring gender differences in the relationships among childhood maltreatment, PTSD, and depression in young adults through network analysis. Child Abuse and Neglect, 146, 106503. 本文引用 [3]

[52]	Liu, S., Ren, H., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Fu, S., & Han, Z. R. (2025). Gender difference in the onset of adolescent depressive symptoms: A cross-lagged panel network analysis. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology. 53(1), 113-123. 本文引用 [2]

[53]	McNally, R. J. (2016). Can network analysis transform psychopathology? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 86, 95-104. 本文引用 [1]

[54]	McNally, R. J., Mair, P., Mugno, B. L., & Riemann, B. C. (2017). Co-morbid obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression: A Bayesian network approach. Psychological Medicine, 47(7), 1204-1214. 本文引用 [2]

[55]	Modrowski, C. A., Bennett, D. C., Chaplo, S. D., & Kerig, P. K. (2017). Screening for PTSD among detained adolescents: Implications of the changes in the DSM-5. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(1), 10-17. 本文引用 [1]

[56]	Mullarkey, M. C., Marchetti, I., & Beevers, C. G. (2018). Using network analysis to identify central symptoms of adolescent depression. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 48(4), 656-668. 本文引用 [1]

[57]	Murphy, S., Elklit, A., Chen, Y. Y., Ghazali, S. R., & Shevlin, M. (2019). Sex differences in PTSD symptoms: A differential item functioning approach. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(3), 319-327. 本文引用 [2]

[58]	Navarro, R., Larrañaga, E., & Yubero, S. (2016). Gender identity, gender-typed personality traits and school bullying: Victims, bullies and bully-victims. Child Indicators Research, 9(1), 1-20. 本文引用 [1]

[59]	Nichter, B., Norman, S., Haller, M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2019). Psychological burden of PTSD, depression, and their comorbidity in the U.S. veteran population: Suicidality, functioning, and service utilization. Journal of Affective Disorders, 256, 633-640. 本文引用 [1]

[60]	Nielsen, M. B., Tangen, T., Idsoe, T., Matthiesen, S. B., & Magerøy, N. (2015). Post-traumatic stress disorder as a consequence of bullying at work and at school. A literature review and meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 21, 17-24. 本文引用 [2]

[61]	Opsahl, T., Agneessens, F., & Skvoretz, J. (2010). Node centrality in weighted networks: Generalizing degree and shortest paths. Social Networks, 32(3), 245-251. 本文引用 [2]

[62]	Owen Blakemore, J. E., Berenbaum, S. A., & Liben, L. S. (2009). Gender development. Psychology Press, Taylor & Francis Group. 本文引用 [3]

[63]	Peach, N., Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Cropper, S. J., Sun, P., & Bendall, S. (2019). Testing models of post-traumatic intrusions, trauma-related beliefs, hallucinations, and delusions in a first episode psychosis sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(2), 154-172. 本文引用 [2]

[64]	Prince, D. M., Ray-Novak, M., Tossone, K., Peterson, E., Gillani, B., & Mintz, L. (2024) Psychological comorbidities and suicidality in sexual and gender minority foster youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 156,107379. 本文引用 [1]

[65]	Qi, J., Sun, R., & Zhou, X. (2021). Network analysis of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in adolescents across COVID-19 epidemic and Typhoon Lekima. Journal of Affective Disorders, 295, 594-603. 本文引用 [5]

[66]	Qualter, P., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R., Van Roekel, E., Lodder, G., Bangee, M., Maes, M., & Verhagen, M. (2015). Loneliness across the life span. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 250-264. 本文引用 [1]

[67]	Rose, A. J., & Rudolph, K. D. (2006). A review of sex differences in peer relationship processes: Potential trade-offs for the emotional and behavioral development of girls and boys. Psychological Bulletin, 132(1), 98-131. 本文引用 [1]

[68]	Schacter, H. L., & Juvonen, J. (2015). The effects of school-level victimization on self-blame: Evidence for contextualized social cognitions. Developmental Psychology, 51(6), 841-847. 本文引用 [1]

[69]

Scharpf,

, Dumke,

, Catani,

, Crombach,

, Ibrahim,

, Neuner,

, Rajan,

, Saupe,

, & Hecker,

(2025). Gender as moderator of the relations between interpersonal and noninterpersonal trauma exposure and mental health problems in conflict-affected children and adolescents. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. Advance online publication.

本文引用 [1]

[70]	Schmittmann, V. D., Cramer, A. O. J., Waldorp, L. J., Epskamp, S., Kievit, R. A., & Borsboom, D. (2013). Deconstructing the construct: A network perspective on psychological phenomena. New Ideas in Psychology, 31(1), 43-53. 本文引用 [1]

[71]

Schütz,

, Reiss,

, Moor,

, Kaman,

, Bilz,

, & HBSC Study Group,

Germany

. (2025). Lonely children and adolescents are less healthy and report less social support: A study on the effect of loneliness on mental health and the moderating role of social support. BMC Public Health, 25(1), 2172.

本文引用 [1]

[72]	Schwartz, B., Kaminer, D., Hardy, A., Nöthling, J., & Seedat, S. (2021). Gender differences in the violence exposure types that predict PTSD and depression in adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(17-18), 8358-8381. 本文引用 [2]

[73]	Segal, A., Wald, I., Lubin, G., Fruchter, E., Ginat, K., Ben Yehuda, A., Pine, D. S., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2020). Changes in the dynamic network structure of PTSD symptoms pre-to-post combat. Psychological Medicine, 50(5), 746-753. 本文引用 [1]

[74]	Smith, J. A., Zhang, J., Urusov, A., Colucci, L., Sloss, I., Eckert, L., Price-Cameron, M., & Browne, D. T. (2024). Exploring networks of complex developmental trauma symptomatology among children and adolescents involved in child welfare. JCPP Advances, 4(2), e12224. 本文引用 [1]

[75]	Song, X., Li, Y., Wang, X., Wang, X., Bao, Y., Zhang, D., Li, Z., Meng, C., Wang, C., Zhang, X., & Lyu, S. (2025). Evolution of core symptoms of depression disorders among Chinese adolescents across different grades. Depression and Anxiety, 2025, 2309327. 本文引用 [2]

[76]	Stanaland, A., Gaither, S., Gassman-Pines, A., Galvez-Cepeda, D., & Cimpian, A. (2024). Adolescent boys' aggressive responses to perceived threats to their gender typicality. Developmental Science, 27, e13544. 本文引用 [1]

[77]	Stander, V. A., Thomsen, C. J., & Highfill-McRoy, R. M. (2014). Etiology of depression comorbidity in combat-related PTSD: A review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(2), 87-98. 本文引用 [2]

[78]	Stevens, J. S., & Hamann, S. (2012). Sex differences in brain activation to emotional stimuli: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Neuropsychologia, 50(7), 1578-1593. 本文引用 [2]

[79]	van Borkulo, C., van Bork, R., Boschloo, L., Kossakowski, J. J., Tio, P., Schoevers, R. A., Borsboom, D., & Waldorp, L. J. (2022). Comparing network structures on three aspects: A permutation test. Psychological Methods. 28(6), 1273-1285. 本文引用 [1]

[80]	von Salisch, M., & Zeman, J. L. (2018). Pathways to reciprocated friendships: A cross-lagged panel study on young adolescents' anger regulation towards friends. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(3), 673-687. 本文引用 [1]

[81]	Weathers, F., Litz, B., Keane, T., Palmieri, P., Marx, B., & Schnurr, P. (2013). The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). http://www.ptsd.va.gov http://www.ptsd.va.gov 本文引用 [2]

[82]	Yang, F., Huang, N., Zhang, B., Fu, M., & Guo, J. (2023). Network analysis of COVID-19-related PTSD and depressive symptoms among Chinese general population and comorbidity subgroup. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 15(3), 431-442. 本文引用 [2]

[83]

Zhang,

, Yang,

, Chen,

, Huang,

, Guo,

, & Fan,

(2025). The associations between PTSD symptoms, intolerance of uncertainty and personal growth initiative in trauma-exposed children and adolescents: Undirected and Bayesian network analyses. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(11), 3485-3495.

本文引用 [1]

[84]	Zhao, Y., Liang, K., Qu, D., He, Y., Ren, Y., & Chi, X. (2025). Unraveling depressive symptom networks: A three-year longitudinal study among Chinese junior high school adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 35(1), e13040. 本文引用 [2]

[85]	Zhou, X., Wu, X., & Zhen, R. (2017). Assessing the latent structure of DSM-5 PTSD among Chinese adolescents after the Ya' an earthquake. Psychiatry Research, 254, 33-39. 本文引用 [1]