Abstract: Labor plays an important role in guiding people’s ownership judgments. In daily life, labor often affects human’s ownership judgments along with some other principles, such as first possession. Previous studies have investigated how young children and adults judged ownership when there were conflicting cues between labor and first possession (Kanngiesser, Gjersoe, & Hood, 2010; Kanngiesser & Hood, 2014b; Hook, 1993). Some research found preschool children were more likely to assign ownership to the laborer than adults (Kanngiesser et al., 2010), while adults were inclined to give priority to the first possessor (Hook, 1993). However, these studies neglected the possible effect of transfer types on labor’s role in ownership judgments. In addition, most of previous studies focused on western samples, but rare study investigated Chinese children and adults’ ownership judgments based on labor rule. This study selected Chinese children aged 3- to 5-year-old and adults as subjects and examined their ownership judgments when some objects were transferred in the taking or borrowing ways and modified by a second person. The results showed there were a significant main effect of transfer type, F(1,116) = 19.54, p = .000, ηp2 = 0.14, and a significant main effect of age, F(3，116) = 11.07，p = .000, ηp2 = .22. Moreover, the interaction between transfer type and age were significant. F(3，116) =3.05，p = .031，ηp2 = .07. There were no significant differences in the ownership judgments for 3-year-olds between the two transfer conditions. Three-year-olds did not support either the original possessor or the laborer as the owner of newly created objects.In contrast, 4 to 5 years old and adults were less inclined to judge the laborer was the owner of newly created objects in the borrowing condition compared to the taking condition. Children aged 4 to 5 years of age tended to think that the laborer was the owner of newly created objects in the taking condition, while adults tended to support the original possessor in both transfer conditions. This research indicated that transfer types could affect human’s ownership judgments based on labor rule, and from 4 years old, children have been aware of this. Unlike adults who consistently support the first possessor as owner in both transfer conditions, preschoolers never selected the first possessor as owner, even in the borrowing condition. This suggests young children’s representation of ownership cues may be different from that of adults. It’s easier for young children to focus on the changes of objects’ appearances (which is correlated with the cue of labor) than the time sequence (which is correlated with the cue of first possession). We did not find 3-year-olds support any party in both transfer conditionswhich. This is to some extent consistent with previous cross-cultural studies (Kanngiesser, Itakura, & Hood, 2014; Kanngiesser et al., 2015). The results were discussed with different patterns of early education between Eastern and Western cultures.

Key words: ownership judgments, principle of labor, first possession, transfer types

摘要： 劳动在人们的所有权判断中起着重要作用。以往研究虽然考察了幼儿和成人基于劳动的所有权判断，但却忽视了原材料转移方式的作用，且大部分集中在西方国家。本研究以中国3～5岁的幼儿和成人为对象，考察了他们在拿和借两种转移方式下基于劳动的所有权判断。结果发现，4～5岁的幼儿及成人在两种转移方式下的所有权判断存在显著差异。相比于拿条件，他们在借条件下不太倾向于判断劳动者是新加工物品的所有者。4～5岁幼儿在拿条件下更倾向认为劳动者是新加工物品的所有者，而成人在两种条件下都倾向于支持原材料占有者是新加工物品的所有者。3岁幼儿在两种转移方式下的所有权判断不存在显著差异，且不支持任何一方。结果提示，转移方式会影响个体基于劳动的所有权判断，并且从4岁开始幼儿能够区分不同转移方式的作用。

关键词: 所有权判断，劳动原则，先占，转移方式