关键词: 男性吸烟者, 拒烟效能感, 身份认同, 拒烟结果预期, 主观规范

Abstract:

The smoking refusal self-efficacy, which refers to the ability and confidence of an individual to refuse a cigarette, may be one of the risk factors for initiating and maintaining smoking. The previous studies have showed that the smoking refusal self-efficacy would be predicted by identity. However, little is known about the influence of smoker's identity on smoking refusal self-efficacy as well as its potential psychosocial mechanisms. According to the Theories of Social Identity and Theories of Self-categorization, smoker self-identification effects on the smoking refusal outcome expectancies, then affecting the smoking refusal self-efficacy. Additionally, a large number of studies have shown that individual behavior is often affected by subjective norms. Researchers further distinguished subjective norms into descriptive norms and injunctive norms. They may have different effects on an individual's behavior. Given these, the present study aims at examining (a) the relation between smoker's identity and smoking refusal self-efficacy, (b) the mediating effect of smoking refusal outcome expectancies in the relation between smoker's identity and the smoking refusal self-efficacy, and (c) the moderating effects of descriptive norms and injunctive norms between smoker's identity and smoking refusal self-efficacy and in the relation between identity and smoking refusal outcome expectancies in Chinese smokers.

A sample of 924 Chinese current daily male smokers was recruited to complete several self-report questionnaires, including the Perceived Smoking Social Norms Scale, the Smokers Identity Scale, the Refusal Outcome Expectation Scale, the Refusal Skill Efficacy Scale, and the Demographic Characteristics Questionnaires. All analyses were conducted using SPSS 23.0. Partial correlation analyses (i.e., to control the following covariates: age, marital status, nicotine dependence, socioeconomic status and health status) were conducted to examine the relationsamong study variables. Then, the mediation model and moderated mediation models, which controlled for a forementioned covariates, were examined by using Model 4 and Model 10 in PROCESS macro for SPSS respectively.

The results showed that(1) The smoking refusal self-efficacy negatively related to norms, smokers’ identification, and smoking refusal outcome expectancies. (2) The relation between the smokers’ identification and smoking refusal self-efficacy was partially mediated by the smoking refusal outcome expectancies. (3) The moderated effect of injunctive norms on the relation between the smokers’ identification and smoking refusal self-efficacy was significant. (4) The moderated effect of descriptive norms was not supported.

This study provides a more comprehensive explanation for how the identity of smokers affects the smoking motivation of Chinese smokersand has a certain contribution to the theory of smoking cessation. The results are consistent with the hypothesis of cognitive dissonance theory and suggest that individuals should reduce the status of smokers in their multiple identities. It also adds the explanation of self-efficacy theory to the change of smokers'quitting motivation and the explanation of identity theory to the change of behavioral intention. The results of this study also have some implications for the practice of tobacco control in China. It is necessary to guide smokers to reduce the status of smokers in their multiple identities. Further studies should use multiple methods and construct diverse models to explore the underlying mechanisms.

Key words: Chinese male smokers, smoking refusal self-efficacy, identity, smoking refusal outcome expectancies, subjective norms