Network of Symptoms for Internet Gaming Disorder, Anxiety, and Depression: Examining Gender Differences

Wang Zihao; Yang Haibo

doi:10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.202304029

PDF(1972 KB)

Journal of Psychological Science ›› 2023, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (4) : 999-1007. DOI: 10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.202304029

Clinical Psychology & Consulting

Network of Symptoms for Internet Gaming Disorder, Anxiety, and Depression: Examining Gender Differences

Wang Zihao¹, Yang Haibo^1,2,3

Author information +

History +

Abstract

It is known that college students' Internet Gaming Disorder is closely related to their anxiety and depression. Previous studies showed that Internet Gaming Disorder has six symptoms, and anxiety and depression also have seven symptoms. However, it is not clear whether these symptoms are related to each other, and whether gender may impact the above relations. This study uses a self-reported questionnaire to investigate the relations among Internet Gaming Disorder, anxiety, and depression in college students.
In the form of the Internet, 916 college students (47.16%males; M_age=19.57 years old, SD = 1.07 years old) were recruited from four universities in Henan, Shandong, Tianjin, and Guangdong provinces. The instruments were the Chinese version of the 7-item game addiction scale (GAS) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). Participants reported their level of Internet Gaming Disorder, anxiety and depression. All measures were carried out anonymously and approved by school administrators. Data were analyzed in SPSS 21.0, Mplus 8.3, and JASP 0.14.1.0. The Latent class analysis was used to identify the risk groups of Internet Gaming Disorder, and the network analysis was used to explore the relations among symptoms.
We found that there is a significant positive correlation between Internet Gaming Disorder, anxiety, depression, and there is a complex symptom relationship. In the symptom network of Internet Gaming Disorder, the core symptom of addiction behavior is salience, and the correlation between salience and tolerance is the strongest. In the comparison of different genders, we found that the core symptom of male students was mood modification, and the correlation between salience and tolerance was the strongest, while that of females was salience, and the correlation between salience and withdrawal was the strongest. In the symptomatic comorbid network of Internet Gaming Disorder, anxiety and depression, the core symptom of both males and females is panic, and the correlation between salience and tolerance is the strongest.
This study explored the relation between College Students' Internet Gaming Disorde, anxiety, depression, and suggested the important role of salience and panic in these three mental disorders. These findings expand our understanding of the relations among Internet Gaming Disorder, anxiety, depression. Intervention on salience and panic may help to treat Internet Gaming Disorder, anxiety and depression.

Key words

internet gaming disorder / anxiety / depression / network analysis / gender difference

Cite this article

EndNote

Ris (Procite)

Bibtex

Download Citations

Wang Zihao, Yang Haibo. Network of Symptoms for Internet Gaming Disorder, Anxiety, and Depression: Examining Gender Differences[J]. Journal of Psychological Science. 2023, 46(4): 999-1007 https://doi.org/10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.202304029

References

[1] 陈逸健, 黄时华, 周庆安, 喻承甫, 王苑芮, 龚文进. (2020). 大一新生无聊倾向性、人际关系困扰与网络游戏成瘾的相互作用. 医学与社会, 33(7), 90-93.
[2] 楚啸原, 黄维锋, 理原, 雷雳. (2020). 感知压力与大学生问题性网络游戏使用: 有调节的中介模型. 中国临床心理学杂志, 28(2), 379-382.
[3] 丁倩, 唐云, 魏华, 张永欣, 周宗奎. (2018). 相对剥夺感与大学生网络游戏成瘾的关系: 一个有调节的中介模型. 心理学报, 50(9), 1041-1050.
[4] 龚栩, 谢熹瑶, 徐蕊, 罗跃嘉. (2010). 抑郁-焦虑-压力量表简体中文版(DASS-21)在中国大学生中的测试报告. 中国临床心理学杂志, 18(4), 443-446.
[5] 胡月, 王斌, 马红宇, 李改. (2018). 彩民命运控制与问题购彩的关系: 基于意义维持模型的视角. 心理学报, 50(5), 549-557.
[6] 黄垣成, 赵清玲, 李彩娜. (2021). 青少年早期抑郁和自伤的联合发展轨迹: 人际因素的作用. 心理学报, 53(5), 515-526.
[7] 梁丰, 俞劼, 王美芳. (2020). 大学生时间洞察力与网络游戏成瘾的关系: 自我控制的中介作用. 心理研究, 13(6), 559-565.
[8] 刘影, 肖雅岚, 伍珍琼, 梁楷利, 赵莉. (2020). 成都市一至九年级学生网络成瘾与焦虑调查分析. 预防医学情报杂志, 36(12), 1589-1593, 1605.
[9] 卢珊, 段昕雨, 邱明悦. (2020). 抑郁-焦虑-压力量表简体中文版在大学生群体中的纵向等值性. 中国临床心理学杂志, 28(5), 950-953.
[10] 汤丹丹, 温忠麟. (2020). 共同方法偏差检验: 问题与建议. 心理科学, 43(1), 215-223.
[11] 王建平, 喻承甫, 刘莎, 李文倩. (2020). 家庭亲密度、抑郁与青少年网络游戏成瘾的关系: COMT基因rs737866多态性的调节效应. 兰州大学学报(社会科学版), 48(4), 143-149.
[12] 魏华, 周宗奎, 李雄, 罗青, 高洁. (2014). 大学生压力事件与网络游戏成瘾: 逃避动机的中介效应. 心理与行为研究, 12(3), 357-361.
[13] 魏华, 周宗奎, 田媛, 鲍娜. (2012). 网络游戏成瘾: 沉浸的影响及其作用机制. 心理发展与教育, 28(6), 651-657.
[14] 吴楠, 张婉君, 笃梦雪, 江敏敏, 王静, 方正美, 姚应水. (2021). 新冠肺炎疫情期间某高校返校大学生抑郁焦虑现况及影响因素. 中国学校卫生, 42(4), 602-605, 610.
[15] 姚琦, 马华维, 阎欢, 陈琦. (2014). 心理学视角下社交网络用户个体行为分析. 心理科学进展, 22(10), 1647-1659.
[16] 张贤, 魏华, 丁倩. (2019). 压力对男大学生网络游戏成瘾的影响: 自我控制的中介作用. 心理与行为研究, 17(5), 713-718.
[17] 中国互联网信息中心. (2021). 第47次中国互联网络发展状况统计报告. http://cnnic.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg/hlwtjbg/202102/P020210203334633480104.pdf
[18] 中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会. (202020202020). 精神障碍诊疗规范2020版. 取自http://www.nhc.gov.cn/
[19] Antons S., Brand M., & Potenza M. N. (2020). Neurobiology of cue-reactivity, craving, and inhibitory control in non-substance addictive behaviors. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 415, Article 116952.
[20] Beard C., Millner A. J., Forgeard M. J. C., Fried E. I., Hsu K. J., Treadway M. T., & Björgvinsson T. (2016). Network analysis of depression and anxiety symptom relationships in a psychiatric sample. Psychological Medicine, 46(16), 3359-3369.
[21] Borsboom, D. (2017). A network theory of mental disorders. World Psychiatry, 16(1), 5-13.
[22] Brand M., Wegmann E., Stark R., Muller A., Wölfling K., Robbins T. W., & Potenza M. N. (2019). The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: Update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 104, 1-10.
[23] Brand M., Young K. S., Laier C., Wölfling K., & Potenza M. N. (2016). Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 71, 252-266.
[24] Cai H., Xi H. T., An F. R., Wang Z. W., Han L., Liu S., & Xiang Y. T. (2021). The association between internet addiction and anxiety in nursing students: A network analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, Article 723355.
[25] Carcone, D., & Ruocco, A. C. (2017). Six years of research on the national institute of mental health's research domain criteria (RDoC) initiative: A systematic review. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 11, 46.
[26] Chang Y. H., Chang K. C., Hou W. L., Lin C. Y., & Griffiths M. D. (2021). Internet gaming as a coping method among schizophrenic patients facing psychological distress. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 9(4), 1022-1031.
[27] Cocker P. J., Le Foll B., Rogers R. D., & Winstanley C. A. (2014). A selective role for dopamine D4 receptors in modulating reward expectancy in a rodent slot machine task. Biological Psychiatry, 75(10), 817-824.
[28] Darvesh N., Radhakrishnan A., Lachance C. C., Nincic V., Sharpe J. P., Ghassemi M., & Tricco A. C. (2020). Exploring the prevalence of gaming disorder and Internet gaming disorder: A rapid scoping review. Systematic Reviews, 9(1), Article 68.
[29] Dreier M., Wölfling K., Duven E., Giralt S., Beutel M. E., & Müller K. W. (2017). Free-to-play: About addicted whales, at risk dolphins and healthy minnows. Monetarization design and internet gaming disorder. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 328-333.
[30] Farchakh Y., Haddad C., Sacre H., Obeid S., Salameh P., & Hallit S. (2020). Video gaming addiction and its association with memory, attention and learning skills in Lebanese children. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 14(1), Article 46.
[31] Forrest C. J., King D. L., & Delfabbro P. H. (2017). Maladaptive cognitions predict changes in problematic gaming in highly-engaged adults: A 12-month longitudinal study. Addictive Behaviors, 65, 125-130.
[32] Goldstein, R. Z., & Volkow, N. D. (2002). Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis: Neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(10), 1642-1652.
[33] Griffiths, M. (2005). A 'components' model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance Use, 10(4), 191-197.
[34] Hirota T., McElroy E., & So R. (2021). Network analysis of internet addiction symptoms among a clinical sample of Japanese adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(8), 2764-2772.
[35] Hou, S. M., & Fang, X. Y. (2014). The explicit and implicit outcome expectancies of Internet games and their relationships with Internet gaming behaviors among college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 39, 346-355.
[36] Hou S. M., Fang X. Y., Zhou N., & Cai P. P. (2020). Effects of increasing the negativity of implicit outcome expectancies on internet gaming impulsivity. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, Article 336.
[37] Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2014). A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 351-354.
[38] King D. L., Haagsma M. C., Delfabbro P. H., Gradisar M., & Griffiths M. D. (2013). Toward a consensus definition of pathological video-gaming: A systematic review of psychometric assessment tools. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(3), 331-342.
[39] Király O., Sleczka P., Pontes H. M., Urbán R., Griffiths M. D., & Demetrovics Z. (2017). Validation of the ten-item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) and evaluation of the nine DSM-5 Internet Gaming Disorder criteria. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 253-260.
[40] Lee Z. W. Y., Cheung C. M. K., & Chan, T. K. H. (2021). Understanding massively multiplayer online role-playing game addiction: A hedonic management perspective. Information Systems Journal, 31(1), 33-61.
[41] Li J. B., Wu A. M. S., Feng L. F., Deng Y., Li J. H., Chen Y. X., & Lau, J. T. F. (2020). Classification of probable online social networking addiction: A latent profile analysis from a large-scale survey among Chinese adolescents. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 9(3), 698-708.
[42] Li J. Y., Zhan D. N., Zhou Y. H., & Gao X. M. (2021). Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control. Addictive Behaviors, 118, Article 106857.
[43] Li L., Niu Z. M., Griffiths M. D., Wang W., Chang C. Y., & Mei S. L. (2021). A network perspective on the relationship between gaming disorder, depression, alexithymia, boredom, and loneliness among a sample of Chinese university students. Technology in Society, 67, Article 101740.
[44] Liu Y. J., Wang Q., Jou M., Wang B. H., An Y., & Li Z. F. (2020). Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the 7-item game addiction scale (GAS) among Chinese college students. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), Article 484.
[45] Mihara, S., & Higuchi, S. (2017). Cross-sectional and longitudinal epidemiological studies of Internet gaming disorder: A systematic review of the literature. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 71(7), 425-444.
[46] Nylund K. L., Asparouhov T., & Muthén B. O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(4), 535-569.
[47] Odacı, H., & Çıkrıkçı, Ö. (2014). Problematic internet use in terms of gender, attachment styles and subjective well-being in university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 32, 61-66.
[48] Ostinelli E. G., Zangani C., Giordano B., Maestri D., Gambini O., D' Agostino A., & Purgato M. (2021). Depressive symptoms and depression in individuals with internet gaming disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 284, 136-142.
[49] Rhemtulla M., Fried E. I., Aggen S. H., Tuerlinckx F., Kendler K. S., & Borsboom D. (2016). Network analysis of substance abuse and dependence symptoms. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 161, 230-237.
[50] Stevens M. W., Dorstyn D., Delfabbro P. H., & King D. L. (2021). Global prevalence of gaming disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 55(6), 553-568.
[51] Tiffany, S. T., & Wray, J. M. (2012). The clinical significance of drug craving. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1248(1), 1-17.
[52] Wang Q., Mati K., & Cai Y. (2021). The link between problematic internet use, problematic gaming, and psychological distress: Does sleep quality matter?. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 103.
[53] WHO. (2018). 6C51 Gaming disorder. https://icd.who.int/dev11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/1448597234