How to Forget My Sorrow Correctly? The Effect of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Self-Injurious Behavior in Adolescents: Mechanisms and Intervention

Hu Yixin; Wu Xiao; Yang Yifei; Su Fanjia; Wang Xiaomiao; Liu Di; Wang Dawei

doi:10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20260517

PDF(1552 KB)

Journal of Psychological Science ›› 2026, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (5) : 1219-1231. DOI: 10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20260517

How to Forget My Sorrow Correctly? The Effect of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Self-Injurious Behavior in Adolescents: Mechanisms and Intervention

Hu Yixin ¹^,² ,
Wu Xiao ¹^,² ,
Yang Yifei ¹^,² ,
Su Fanjia ¹^,² ,
Wang Xiaomiao ¹^,² ,
Liu Di ¹^,² ,
Wang Dawei ¹^,²^,^**

Author information +

History +

Abstract

This paper aims to explore the roles of experiential avoidance and self-differentiation in the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and self-injurious behavior in adolescents. It also seeks to examine the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) incorporating self-differentiation in intervening in self-injurious behavior. In recent years, self-injurious behavior has become a serious problem among adolescents. According to the gene-environment interaction model, adverse childhood experiences are significant predictors of self-injurious behavior. Furthermore, the experiential avoidance model suggests that experiential avoidance plays a key role in the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and self-injurious behavior in adolescents. In addition, several studies have found that self-differentiation can reduce non-suicidal self-injurious behaviors in adolescents. As a traditional intervention therapy for self-injurious behavior, DBT still has limitations. Therefore, the present study investigates whether DBT that integrates self-differentiation is able to reduce self-injurious behaviors in adolescents.

A total of 783 adolescents were selected for Study 1, including 405 boys and 378 girls. The average age was 13.16 years. The relationships between adverse childhood experiences, experiential avoidance, self-differentiation, and self-injurious behavior were tested using a questionnaire method. Study 2 was an intervention study in which a total of 98 adolescents were selected and randomly divided into three groups: the Self-Differentiation-Focused Integrated Training Group (SDFIT group), the Dialectical Behavior Therapy Control Group (DBT group), and the Waitlist Control Group for intervention. The levels of self-differentiation, self-injurious behavior, distress tolerance, and well-being were measured at three waves (baseline, post-intervention, and follow-up). Data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 for both Study 1 and Study 2.

The results showed that: (1) Adverse childhood experiences had a significant direct effect on self-injurious behavior (β =.22, p <.001); adverse childhood experiences had a significant direct effect on experiential avoidance (β =.43, p <.001); experiential avoidance had a significant direct effect on self-injurious behavior (β =.17, p <.001). Adverse childhood experiences had a significant indirect effect on self-injurious behavior through experiential avoidance, with a 95% confidence interval of [.07,.19]. The interaction between self-differentiation and experiential avoidance had a significant effect on self-injurious behavior (β = -.25, p <.001). At the low self-differentiation level, there was a positive correlation between adolescents' levels of experiential avoidance and non-suicidal self-injurious behavior. However, at the high level of self-differentiation, this relationship was not significant. (2) After the intervention, the level of self-differentiation was significantly higher in the SDFIT group than in the DBT group (p<.05) and the control group (p <.01). Furthermore, the score of self-injurious behavior in the SDFIT group was significantly lower than that in the control group (p <.001) after the intervention. Additionally, the level of well-being in the SDFIT group was significantly higher than that in the control group (p <.05) at post-intervention, and was significantly higher than that in the other two groups during the follow-up period (p <.001; p <.001). At post-intervention, distress tolerance was significantly lower in the SDFIT group than in the DBT group (p <.001) and the waitlist group (p<.05). During follow-up, it remained significantly lower in the SDFIT group than in the waitlist group (p <.05). These findings suggest that the DBT intervention integrating self-differentiation is effective in increasing adolescents' self-differentiation level and reducing self-injurious behavior.

The findings suggest that experiential avoidance plays a mediating role in the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and self-injurious behavior, and self-differentiation moderates the relationship between experiential avoidance and self-injurious behavior. Furthermore, dialectical behavior therapy integrating self-differentiation not only serves as an effective intervention for self-injurious behavior but also provides theoretical and practical support for the prevention of self-injurious behavior.

Key words

adverse childhood experiences / self-injurious behavior / experiential avoidance / self-differentiation

Cite this article

EndNote

Ris (Procite)

Bibtex

Download Citations

Hu Yixin , Wu Xiao , Yang Yifei , et al . How to Forget My Sorrow Correctly? The Effect of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Self-Injurious Behavior in Adolescents: Mechanisms and Intervention[J]. Journal of Psychological Science. 2026, 49(5): 1219-1231 https://doi.org/10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20260517

References

List( Publishing order | Descend order by publishing year | Descend order by cited within ) Chart analysis

[1]	曹静, 吉阳, 祝卓宏. (2013). 接纳与行动问卷第二版中文版测评大学生的信效度. 中国心理卫生杂志, 27(11), 873-877. Cited in this article [1]

[2]	冯玉. (2008). 青少年自我伤害行为与个体情绪因素和家庭环境因素的关系 (硕士学位论文). 华中师范大学, 武汉. Cited in this article [1]

[3]	郭玥言, 李欢欢, 孙芳, 魏诗洁. (2025). 中学生校园人际冲突的潜在类别与心理危机的关系: 心理痛苦的中介作用. 心理科学, 48(1), 242-251. Cited in this article [1]

[4]	何嘉杰, 钟沛枝, 毛建, 韦俊锋, 陈庭芳, 肖禾, 陈佳榕, 聂衍刚. (2026). 儿童青少年校园欺凌与自我攻击及幸福感的关系: 一项基于网络分析的研究. 心理科学, 49(1), 191-206. Cited in this article [1]

[5]	贾倩楠, 黄垣成, 马婧, 李彩娜. (2024). 父母心理控制与青少年内外化问题的纵向关联: 悲伤与愤怒反刍的中介. 心理科学, 47(1), 70-79. Cited in this article [1]

[6]	梁楷利, 胡蜀萍, 李玉星, 邹锟, 黄晓琦, 赵莉, 石丹理. (2021). 中小学生非自杀性自伤行为家庭环境因素分析. 现代预防医学, 48(2), 304-307. Cited in this article [2]

[7]	鲁婷, 江光荣, 魏华, 林秀彬, 韦辉, 应梦婷. (2016). 青少年自伤网络展示的动机及其影响. 心理科学, 39(1), 103-108. Cited in this article [1]

[8]	任志洪, 谭梦鸰, 赵春晓, 江光荣. (2021). 辩证行为疗法: 理论背景、治疗效果及作用机制. 心理科学, 44(2), 481-488. Cited in this article [1]

[9]	沈蕾, 张芸瑞, 陈宁, 刘伟. (2024). 积极青少年发展理论的演进与意涵. 心理科学, 47(4), 1016-1023. Cited in this article [1]

[10]	汤丹丹, 温忠麟. (2020). 共同方法偏差检验: 问题与建议. 心理科学, 43(1), 215-223. Cited in this article [1]

[11]	王美萍, 郑晓洁, 夏桂芝, 刘迪迪, 陈翩, 张文新. (2019). 负性生活事件与青少年早期抑郁的关系: COMT 基因 Val158Met 多态性与父母教养行为的调节作用. 心理学报, 51(8), 903-913. Cited in this article [1]

[12]	王玉龙, 苏慧娟. (2022). 青少年抑郁与自伤关系的追踪研究: 亲子沟通的调节作用. 心理科学, 45(5), 1243-1250. Cited in this article [1]

[13]	吴煜辉, 王桂平. (2011). 自我分化量表(DSI-R)在大学生群体中的初步运用. 教育与职业, 3, 74-77. Cited in this article [1]

[14]	尹霞云, 符蝶, 贺玲, 彭金兰, 徐旻昱, 黎志华. (2025). 应激下皮质醇反应在早期逆境与青少年执行功能间的中介作用. 心理科学, 48(5), 1102-1112. Cited in this article [1]

[15]	赵幸福, 张亚林, 李龙飞, 周云飞, 李鹤展, 杨世昌. (2005). 中文版儿童期虐待问卷的信度和效度. 中国临床康复, 9(20), 105-107. Cited in this article [1]

[16]	周浩, 龙立荣. (2004). 共同方法偏差的统计检验与控制方法. 心理科学进展, 12(6), 942-950. Cited in this article [1]

[17]	周楠, 臧宁, 王少凡, 李梓璇, 陈玲, 李蓓蕾, 曹洪健. (2024). 童年早期情感受虐与青少年早期手机成瘾水平: 一般与社交焦虑及家庭社会经济地位的作用. 心理科学, 47(2), 325-333. Cited in this article [1]

[18]	Beebe, R., & Frisch, N. (2009). Development of the Differentiation of Self and Role Inventory for Nurses (DSRI-RN): A tool to measure internal dimensions of workplace stress. Nursing Outlook, 57(5), 240-245. Cited in this article [1]

[19]	Berking, M., Neacsiu, A., Comtois, K. A., & Linehan, M. M. (2009). The impact of experiential avoidance on the reduction of depression in treatment for borderline personality disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(8), 663-670. Cited in this article [1]

[20]	Bernstein, D, Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., Sapareto, E., Ruggiero, J. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(8), 1132-1136. Cited in this article [1]

[21]	Blair-Andrews, Z., Salloum, A., Evans, S., Phares, V., & Storch, E. A. (2024). Parental descriptions of childhood avoidance symptoms after trauma. Traumatology, 30(1), 27-36. Cited in this article [2]

[22]	Boehm, J., K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2009). The promise of sustainable happiness. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Oxford handbook of positive psychology (pp. 667-678). Oxford University Press. Cited in this article [1]

[23]

Bond,

F. W.

, Hayes,

S. C.

, Baer,

R. A.

, Carpenter,

K. M.

, Guenole,

, Orcutt,

H. K.

, Waltz,

, & Zettle,

R. D.

(2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the acceptance and action questionnaire-II: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 676-688.

Cited in this article [1]

[24]	Bowen, M. (1966). The use of family theory in clinical practice. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 7(5), 345-374. Cited in this article [1]

[25]	Brager-Larsen, A., Zeiner, P., Klungsøyr, O., & Mehlum, L. (2022). Is age of self-harm onset associated with increased frequency of non-suicidal self-injury and suicide attempts in adolescent outpatients? BMC Psychiatry, 22(1), Article 58. Cited in this article [1]

[26]	Braquehais, M. D., Oquendo, M. A., Baca-García, E., & Sher, L. (2010). Is impulsivity a link between childhood abuse and suicide? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51(2), 121-129. Cited in this article [1]

[27]	Brodsky, B. S. (2016). Early childhood environment and genetic interactions: The diathesis for suicidal behavior. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(9), Article 86. Cited in this article [1]

[28]	Calatrava, M., Martins, M. V., Schweer-Collins, M., Duch-Ceballos, C., & Rodríguez-González, M. (2022). Differentiation of self: A scoping review of Bowen Family Systems Theory' s core construct. Clinical Psychology Review, 91, Article 102101. Cited in this article [1]

[29]	Campbell, A. (1976). Subjective measures of well-being. American Psychologist, 31(2), 117-124. Cited in this article [1]

[30]	Cassels, M., Neufeld, S., van Harmelen, A. L., Goodyer, I., & Wilkinson, P. (2022). Prospective pathways from impulsivity to non-suicidal self-injury among youth. Archives of Suicide Research, 26(2), 534-547. Cited in this article [1]

[31]

Cavicchioli,

, Movalli,

, Ramella,

, Vassena,

, Prudenziati,

, & Maffei,

(2020). Feasibility of dialectical behavior therapy skills training as an outpatient program in treating alcohol use disorder: The role of difficulties with emotion regulation and experiential avoidance. Addiction Research and Theory, 28(2), 103-115.

Cited in this article [1]

[32]	Chan, K. K. S., & Mak, W. W. S. (2015). Habitual self-stigma: The contributory role of maladaptive coping with self-stigmatizing thoughts. European Psychiatry, 30(S1), 739. Cited in this article [1]

[33]	Chapman, A. L., Gratz, K. L., & Brown, M. Z. (2006). Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: The experiential avoidance model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(3), 371-394. Cited in this article [1]

[34]	Chapman, A. L., Specht, M. W., & Cellucci, T. (2005). Borderline personality disorder and deliberate self-harm: Does experiential avoidance play a role? Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 35(4), 388-399. Cited in this article [1]

[35]	DeBar, L. L., Clarke, G. N., O’Connor, E., & Nichols, G. A. (2001). Treated prevalence, incidence, and pharmacotherapy of child and adolescent mood disorders in an HMO. Mental Health Services Research, 3(2), 73-89. Cited in this article [1]

[36]	DeCou, C. R., Comtois, K. A., & Landes, S. J. (2019). Dialectical behavior therapy is effective for the treatment of suicidal behavior: A meta-analysis. Behavior Therapy, 50(1), 60-72. Cited in this article [1]

[37]	Ercengiz, M., Yildiz, B., Savci, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2024). Differentiation of self, emotion management skills, and nomophobia among smartphone users: The mediating and moderating roles of intolerance of uncertainty. The Social Science Journal, 61(2), 525-539. Cited in this article [1]

[38]	Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). GPower 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods*, 39(2), 175-191. Cited in this article [1]

[39]	Fernández de la Cruz, L., Landau, D., Iervolino, A. C., Santo, S., Pertusa, A., Singh, S., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2013). Experiential avoidance and emotion regulation difficulties in hoarding disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(2), 204-209. Cited in this article [1]

[40]	Fong, Z. H., Loh, W. N. C., Fong, Y. J., Neo, H. L. M., & Chee, T. T. (2022). Parenting behaviors, parenting styles, and non-suicidal self-injury in young people: A systematic review. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 27(1), 61-81. Cited in this article [2]

[41]	Gratz, K. L. (2001). Measurement of deliberate self-harm: Preliminary data on the deliberate self-harm inventory. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23(4), 253-263. Cited in this article [1]

[42]

Gratz,

K. L.

, Bornovalova,

M. A.

, Delany-Brumsey,

, Nick,

, & Lejuez,

C. W.

(2007). A laboratory-based study of the relationship between childhood abuse and experiential avoidance among inner-city substance users: The role of emotional nonacceptance. Behavior Therapy, 38(3), 256-268.

Cited in this article [2]

[43]	Gu, M. M. (2022). Understanding the relationship between distress intolerance and problematic Internet use: The mediating role of coping motives and the moderating role of need frustration. Journal of Adolescence, 94(4), 497-512. Cited in this article [1]

[44]	Hardt, J., & Rutter, M. (2004). Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: Review of the evidence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(2), 260-273. Cited in this article [1]

[45]	Harpaz-Rotem, I., Leslie, D., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2004). Treatment retention among children entering a new episode of mental health care. Psychiatric Services, 55(9), 1022-1028. Cited in this article [1]

[46]	Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experimental avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1152-1168. Cited in this article [1]

[47]

Hendriks,

, Schotanus-Dijkstra,

, Hassankhan,

, De Jong,

, & Bohlmeijer,

(2020). The efficacy of multi-component positive psychology interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(1), 357-390.

Cited in this article [1]

[48]	Hooper, L. M., & Doehler, K. (2011). The mediating and moderating effects of differentiation of self on body mass index and depressive symptomatology among an American college sample. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 24(1), 71-82. Cited in this article [1]

[49]	Huang, Y. Q., Gan, X., Jin, X., Wei, Z. X., Cao, Y. H., & Ke, H. Z. (2023). The healthy context paradox of bullying victimization and academic adjustment among Chinese adolescents: A moderated mediation model. PLoS ONE, 18(8), Article e0290452. Cited in this article [1]

[50]	Hughes, K., Ford, K., Bellis, M. A., Glendinning, F., Harrison, E., & Passmore, J. (2021). Health and financial costs of adverse childhood experiences in 28 European countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 6(11), e848-e857. Cited in this article [1]

[51]

Kim,

K. L.

, Galione,

, Schettini,

, DeYoung,

L. L.

, Gilbert,

A. C.

, Jenkins,

G. A.

, Barthelemy,

C. M.

, Macpherson,

H. A.

, Radoeva,

P. D.

, Kudinova,

A. Y.

, & Dickstein,

D. P.

(2020). Do styles of emotion dysregulation differentiate adolescents engaging in non-suicidal self-injury from those attempting suicide? Psychiatry Research, 291, Article 113240.

Cited in this article [1]

[52]	Kliem, S., Kröger, C., & Kosfelder, J. (2010). Dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder: A meta-analysis using mixed-effects modeling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(6), 936-951. Cited in this article [1]

[53]	Liu, S. J., Qi, Q., Zeng, Z. H., & Hu, Y. Q. (2024). Cumulative ecological risk and nonsuicidal self-injury in adolescents: The mediation of depression and the moderation of impulsiveness. Child: Care, Health and Development, 50(1), Article e13211. Cited in this article [2]

[54]	Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 803-855. Cited in this article [1]

[55]	Magnusson, D. & Stattin, H. (2007). The person in context:A holistic-interactionistic approach. In R. M. Lerner & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology (pp. 402-452). John Wiley & Sons. Cited in this article [1]

[56]	Mansueto, G., Cavallo, C., Palmieri, S., Ruggiero, G. M., Sassaroli, S., & Caselli, G. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences and repetitive negative thinking in adulthood: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 28(3), 557-568. Cited in this article [1]

[57]	Marx, B. P., & Sloan, D. M. (2002). The role of emotion in the psychological functioning of adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Behavior Therapy, 33(4), 563-577. Cited in this article [1]

[58]	McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2017). Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: Neurodevelopmental consequences. Biological Psychiatry, 82(7), 462-471. Cited in this article [1]

[59]	Milojevich, H. M., Lindquist, K. A., & Sheridan, M. A. (2021). Adversity and emotional functioning. Affective Science, 2(3), 324-344. Cited in this article [1]

[60]

Neuhaus,

, Young,

, Ferris,

L. J.

, Grimmel,

C. L. M.

, & Reid,

(2022). A narrative review of peer-led positive psychology interventions: Current evidence, potential, and future directions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), Article 8065.

Cited in this article [1]

[61]	Nock, M. K. (2010). Self-injury. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 339-363. Cited in this article [3]

[62]	Peleg, M., & Peleg, O. (2023). Personality and family risk factors for poor mental well-being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1), Article 839. Cited in this article [1]

[63]	Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903. Cited in this article [1]

[64]

Ramsey,

W. A.

, Berlin,

K. S.

, Del Conte,

, Lightsey,

O. R.

, Schimmel-Bristow,

, Marks,

L. R.

, & Strohmer,

D. C.

(2021). Targeting self-criticism in the treatment of nonsuicidal self-injury in dialectical behavior therapy for adolescents: A randomized clinical trial. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 26(4), 320-330.

Cited in this article [1]

[65]	Roche, A. I., Kroska, E. B., Miller, M. L., Kroska, S. K., & O’Hara, M. W. (2019). Childhood trauma and problem behavior: Examining the mediating roles of experiential avoidance and mindfulness processes. Journal of American College Health, 67(1), 17-26. Cited in this article [2]

[66]	Simons, J. S., & Gaher, R. M. (2005). The distress tolerance scale: Development and validation of a self-report measure. Motivation and Emotion, 29(2), 83-102. Cited in this article [1]

[67]	Skowron, E. A. (2000). The role of differentiation of self in marital adjustment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(2), 229. Cited in this article [1]

[68]	Skowron, E. A., & Schmitt, T. A. (2003). Assessing interpersonal fusion: Reliability and validity of a new DSI fusion with others subscale. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 29(2), 209-222. Cited in this article [2]

[69]	Soenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2010). A theoretical upgrade of the concept of parental psychological control: Proposing new insights on the basis of self-determination theory. Developmental Review, 30(1), 74-99. Cited in this article [1]

[70]	Swannell, S. V., Martin, G. E., Page, A., Hasking, P., & St John, N. J. (2014). Prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury in nonclinical samples: Systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 44(3), 273-303. Cited in this article [1]

[71]	Thippaiah, S. M., Nanjappa, M. S., Gude, J. G., Voyiaziakis, E., Patwa, S., Birur, B., & Pandurangi, A. (2021). Non-suicidal self-injury in developing countries: A review. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 67(5), 472-482. Cited in this article [1]

[72]	Tørmoen, A. J., Myhre, M., Walby, F. A., Grøholt, B., & Rossow, I. (2020). Change in prevalence of self-harm from 2002 to 2018 among Norwegian adolescents. European Journal of Public Health, 30(4), 688-692. Cited in this article [1]

[73]

Wang,

, Wang,

Q. Q.

, Liu,

, Gao,

Y. M.

, & Chen,

Z. X.

(2020). Prospective interpersonal and intrapersonal predictors of initiation and cessation of non-suicidal self-injury among Chinese adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), Article 9454.

Cited in this article [1]

[74]	Wenzlaff, R. M., & Wegner, D. M. (2000). Thought suppression. Annual Review of Psychology, 51(1), 59-91. Cited in this article [1]

[75]

Wolgast,

, Lundh,

L. G.

, & Viborg,

(2013). Experiential avoidance as an emotion regulatory function: An empirical analysis of experiential avoidance in relation to behavioral avoidance, cognitive reappraisal, and response suppression. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 42(3), 224-232.

Cited in this article [1]

[76]	Yates, T. M. (2004). The developmental psychopathology of self-injurious behavior: Compensatory regulation in posttraumatic adaptation. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(1), 35-74. Cited in this article [1]

[77]	You, J. N., & Leung, F. (2012). A Chinese adaptation of the distress tolerance scale among adolescents: Factor structure and psychometric properties. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 34(1), 136-144. Cited in this article [1]

[78]	Zhong, J., Huang, X. J., Wang, X. M., & Xu, M. Z. (2023). The mediating effect of distress tolerance on the relationship between stressful life events and suicide risk in patients with major depressive disorder. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), Article 118. Cited in this article [1]

[79]

Zhu,

J. J.

, Xiao,

B. W.

, Hipson,

, Yan,

C. Y.

, Coplan,

R. J.

, & Li,

(2021). Social avoidance and social adjustment: The moderating role of emotion regulation and emotion lability/negativity among Chinese preschool children. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 618670.

Cited in this article [1]