The left-behind children refers to who still receive the compulsory education and cannot live together with their parents in the place of domicile. Either one or both of their parents have left them and migrate to other cities. The left-behind children are impacted by those inside and outside environment changes to their formation and development of psychological adaptation, which are being formalized and developed critically.The aims of the current study reported here was to explore the relationship among the psychological adaptation，personalities’ characteristics and coping styles in left-behind children. This paper is using the questionnaire method with 332 Henan rural left-behind children as the research object. EPQ (children's Edition), SCSQ, Mental Adaptability Inventory were adopted in the subjects selected by stratified cluster sampling method. The statistical methods adopted One-Way ANOVA analysis, MANOVA analysis,correlation analysis,regression analysis,andpath analysis respectively. The results were as follows: (1) It has barely no difference in sexuality but has remarkable differences in both grades (F=7.647, p＜.01)and resettlement ways (t=3.038, p＜.01)of left-behind children’s psychological adaptation. As the grade increased, psychological adaptation decreased.The significant of left-behind children’ psychological adaptation in boarding school was lower than those who were living in the home .(2) The personality of these left-behind children caused directly influence on their psychological adaptation；The coping styles are only have straight effect on some special dimensions of psychological adaptation but mainly through the personalities indirect effects on these kids’ psychological adaptation. The conclusion of this study is that the personalities of the left-behind pupil caused directly influence on their psychological adaptation. The coping styles have some indirect effects through the personality on these kids’ psychological adaptation.