Abstract: Stereotype threat refers to individual’s being at risk of confirming the negative stereotype of self and their own groups. Stereotype threat usually comes from individual’s negative stereotypic perception of self and his or her belonging groups. According to the Identity Threat Model of Stigma suggested by Major and O'Brien, an individual in negative stereotype situation would experience potential identity threat, which would influence mental activities and behavioral performance via alternative approach of conscious or unconscious. Identity threat would happen when an individual appraises the stereotype threat as potentially harmful to his or her social identity or as surpassing his or her coping resources. Possible personal traits that would influence individual’s evaluation towards his or her own performance include situational cues, the group representation of his or her belonging group, motivation and goals. On the basis of Major and O'Brien’s Identity Threat Model, the present study organized the strategies from the perspective of improving situation, changing cognitive schema and training positive internal attribution, and systemically reviewed the possible strategies that could be useful for dealing with stereotype, including attributional techniques, role models of high achievers of the stereotyped group, deemphasizing stereotypic identity, providing multiple social identities, encouraging self-affirmation, and reframing the task context, and so on. Although the above three coping and intervening strategies are all individual-oriented and they all are effective in reducing or eliminating stereotype threat effect, their working mechanisms work out different. The schema-based coping strategy is centered on controlling the negative stereotype situation, and the self-based coping strategy mainly focuses on training individuals’ implicit attitude and motivation so as to intervene with stereotype threat, while the situation-based intervention can be regarded as a kind of educational implication because the long-lasting change of implicit perception relies on education. In the end of the paper, limitations of previous studies and futures directions in the area of dealing with stereotype threat were pointed out. First, future research can be carried out by combining with more group identities. Second, long-lasting and developmental coping strategies should be discussed in the further studies. Third to improve the intervening efficiency, the intervention strategies should be promoted to groups instead of to individuals. What’s more, the positive stereotype and its advantages are in need to be explored in later studies. And social system should improve its service to appeal to the elimination of negative stereotype and attentions should be paid to the perfecting of social systems as well. Finally, to put forward a more credible and reliable classification criteria for intervention strategies, some statistical methods (such as meta-analysis) should be employed to reveal the specific mechanism for each category of intervention strategies.

Key words: Stereotype Threat, Coping Strategies, Schemata, Self, Social Context

摘要： 刻板印象威胁效应的产生主要受到情境线索、所在刻板印象威胁群体的集体表征及群体认同、信念和动机等个人特质因素的影响。本文以认同威胁模型为基础，针对影响刻板印象威胁效应产生的主要因素，分别从改善情境、改变认知图式和训练积极的内隐态度和动机等多个方面系统地探讨了干预刻板印象威胁可能采用的策略，主要包括提供对困难的外归因、提供角色榜样、启动积极身份特征、提供多重社会身份信息、鼓励自我肯定、强调智力增长观、训练积极内隐态度及重塑任务环境等。在系统梳理各种干预策略的基础上，本文还探讨了当前该领域研究存在的不足和未来的发展方向。

关键词: 刻板印象威胁, 应对策略, 图式, 自我, 社会情境