Face-referenced or Viewer-referenced：Effects of Sexual Dimorphism Cues, Emotional Expression and Physical Attractiveness on Preferences for Direct-gazing Face

Abstract

Abstract: Perceived facial attractiveness can influence people’s social interactions with one another, including mate selection, intimate relationship, hiring decision, and voting behavior. Facial attractiveness represents one’s conception of the ideal in face and gives the greatest degree of pleasure to the senses. Most of the studies showed that masculinity- femininity cues, gaze direction and emotional expression played important roles in the facial attractiveness. Interactions among the effects of sexual dimorphism cues, emotional expression and physical attractiveness on preferences for direct-gazing face were examined in this two-phase experiment. From the perspective of face-referenced, using FaceGen 3.1 to adjust the eye’s gaze direction, Experiment 1 found that preferences for direct gaze when judging different sexual dimorphism cues, emotional expression and physical attractiveness face; Preferences for direct gaze are stronger when judging feminine/happy and neutral/physical attractive face than when judging masculine/disgust and angry/ unattractive face; For the different physical attractive and sexual dimorphism cues, preferences for direct gaze are stronger when judging happy and neutral face than when judging disgust and angry face. From the perspective of viewer-referenced, using FaceGen 3.1 to generate front versus three-quarter views of faces, Experiment 2 found that there were no significant preferences for direct gaze when judging different sexual dimorphism cues, emotional expression and physical attractiveness face; Preferences for direct gaze are stronger when judging feminine/happy, disgust and angry face than when judging masculine/neutral face. These findings present novel evidence that preferences for direct gaze on facial attractiveness are based on face-referenced processing, rather than viewer-referenced. The preferences for the attractive, positive emotional expression and direct gaze face are on the straight line with the adaptation for efficient allocation of evolution, and the preferences for feminine face can be interpreted from Chinese feminine, long-term orientation and collective cultures.

Key words: Face-referenced，Viewer-referenced, gaze direction, sexual dimorphism cues, facial attractiveness, emotional expression

摘要： 本研究探讨了性别二态线索、面孔吸引力和表情对正视面孔偏好的影响。实验1基于面孔参照，被试普遍偏好正视面孔；相对男性化/厌恶和生气/低吸引力的面孔，被试更偏好女性化/高兴和中性/高吸引力的正视面孔；实验2基于观察者参照，总体并未表现出正视偏好；对低吸引力/中性表情/男性化面孔更偏好斜视面孔。

关键词: 面孔参照观察者参照性别二态线索面孔吸引力表情

wen fangfang BIN ZUO. Face-referenced or Viewer-referenced：Effects of Sexual Dimorphism Cues, Emotional Expression and Physical Attractiveness on Preferences for Direct-gazing Face[J]. Psychological Science, 2014, 37(4): 834-839.

温芳芳佐斌. 面孔参照或观察者参照：性别二态线索、面孔吸引力与表情对正视面孔偏好的影响[J]. 心理科学, 2014, 37(4): 834-839.

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