Using Think/No-think Paradigm to Study Motivated Forgetting: Behavior and Brain Mechanism

Journal of Psychological Science ›› 2015, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (5) : 1058-1066.

PDF(428 KB)
PDF(428 KB)
Journal of Psychological Science ›› 2015, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (5) : 1058-1066.

Using Think/No-think Paradigm to Study Motivated Forgetting: Behavior and Brain Mechanism

Author information +
History +

Abstract

Motivated Forgetting is an important aspect of effective memory system. People have motivations to limit the time they spend thinking about unpleasant experiences, thus they eventually forget those memories. TNT, think/no-think paradigm is proposed to study the process of motivated forgetting based on go/no-go experimental paradigm. This paradigm emphasizes individuals' subjective suppression of unwanted memories reduces their later conscious recall. In recent years, a plenty of TNT behavioral studies have consistently indicated that memory suppression can produce negative control effect, thus verify the feasibility of the implementation of motivated forgetting in a laboratory context. In this review, we summarized some main characteristics of negative control effect in order to help future research implemented by TNT could obtain the inhibitory control processes to study motivated forgetting. Recent discussion on the neural mechanisms of motivated forgetting has accumulated a great deal of research evidences. Electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are two widely used brain techniques to determine these inhibitory control processes of motivated forgetting. First, ERP studies of motivated forgetting using TNT paradigm have revealed a smaller Parietal Episodic Memory effect, appears 400-800 ms after target stimulus onset during the memory retrieval suppression. What’s more, ERP evidences have indicated that N2, which indexes cognitive control are larger during retrieval suppression. Recent EEG studies of motivated forgetting have revealed an increase of alpha and theta oscillations of memory suppression. More interestingly, fMRI evidences have showed that suppressing awareness of an unwelcome memory was achieved by inhibitory control processes mediated by the lateral prefrontal cortex. These mechanisms interact with brain regions that represent experiences in memory, disrupting traces that support retention. Moreover, suppressing retrieval of unwanted memories not only modulates medial temporal lobe regions involved in explicit retention, but also neocortical areas underlying unconscious expressions of memory. However, considering EEG and fMRI measure different aspect of brain activities, the neural mechanism revealed by fMRI and electrophysiology indices supported by EEG of motivated forgetting needs an integrated review. In this review, we firstly summarized current existing TNT researches using EEG and fMRI techniques, and then proposed a multi-modal functional network model of motivated forgetting. In this model, we suggested some potential relationship between the neural mechanism revealed by fMRI and electrophysiology indices supported by EEG. Therefore, our multi-modal functional network model provided a more comprehensive understanding of inhibitory control processes of motivated forgetting. Based on this model, we then outlined some future research directions of TNT paradigm. Most importantly, we think the application of simultaneous EEG-fMRI technology is expected to reveal the dynamic process of motivated forgetting induced by memory suppression. Finally, because the ability of memory inhibition can represent individual’s mental health, future research on the neural mechanisms of motivated forgetting will have broad clinical applications. The purpose of this review, obviously, is to give a more integrated perspective of current researches of motivated forgetting used TNT paradigm. However, far more work need to be done to test our multi-modal functional network model of motivated forgetting.

Key words

think/no think, TNT negative control effect memory retrieval suppression EEG fMRI

Cite this article

Download Citations
Using Think/No-think Paradigm to Study Motivated Forgetting: Behavior and Brain Mechanism[J]. Journal of Psychological Science. 2015, 38(5): 1058-1066
PDF(428 KB)

Accesses

Citation

Detail

Sections
Recommended

/