Abstract:

Prospective memory (PM) represents the ability of remember to carry out an intention action in the future. In a typical prospective memory experiment, participants are required to engage in two tasks: the ongoing task and prospective task. According to the nature of the prospective memory cues, there are two types of prospective memory: time-based (TBPM) and event-based (EBPM).There are two kinds of processes that can support prospective memory: preparatory attentional processes and memory processes theory and multiple processes theory. The preparatory attentional and memory processes theory of prospective memory assumes that prospective memory retrieval requires resource-demanding preparatory attentional processes, whereas the multiple process theory assumes that retrieval can also occur spontaneously. Implementation intention and retrieval practice are two effective encoding types. Implementation intention is a strategic process aimed at automating behavior in the service of goal pursuit. The strategy consists of a statement of the form “If situation x occurs, then I will perform y”, which creates a strong mental representation of the situation and strong linkage between situation and response that makes it easy to execute the behaviors. Implementation intention encoding has been demonstrated to reduce forgetting in a variety of daily tasks and improve prospective memory performance. Retrieval Practice is that review through testing produces better final recall than does review through restudying. Lots of researcher has indicated that retrieval practice is an effective means to improve memory. However, fewer studies pay attention to the comparison of effectiveness between implementation intention and retrieval practice. McDaniel and Scullin compare the difference between the two effects for the first time when they investigate whether implementation intention encoding automatizes prospective memory responding. The result reveals implementation intention encoding produce lower levels of prospective memory performance than does behavioral practice in the high-cognitive-demand situation. But multiple processes model argues that when there is only one focal target item, preparatory attentional processes are not necessary for high levels of prospective memory performance and implementation intention may be effective in this situation. Therefore, the present study compares the difference of the two encoding types in different cognitive loading and number of cues. The present study adopts 2 between-subject (implementation intention & practice)×2 within-subject (high cognitive loading & low cognitive loading)× 2 between-subject (single cue & multiple cues) mixed design. Ongoing task adopts n-back paradigm. Participants’ performance and reaction time are recorded by computer automatically. The results show: (1)The interaction between encoding types and cognitive loading is significant, the implementation intention shows lower prospective memory performance under high cognitive demand than practice. (2) The interaction between encoding types and number of cue is significant, implementation intention shows lower prospective memory performance in the multiple cues than practice. The result reveals that implementation intention is more susceptible to cognitive loading and number of cue. The result support preparatory attentional processes and memory processes theory.

摘要：

采用2（编码方式：执行意向、练习）×2（认知负荷：高、低）×2（线索数量：单一线索、多线索）的混合设计探讨在不同认知负荷和线索数量下两种编码方式对前瞻记忆的影响。结果表明：认知负荷和编码方式交互作用显著，在高认知负荷条件下，练习编码显著好于执行意向编码；线索数量和编码方式交互作用显著，在多线索条件下，练习编码显著好于执行意向编码。说明执行意向编码更容易受认知负荷和线索数量的影响。研究支持了预备注意与记忆加工理论。