Self-construal has been a core topic of psychology, in recent years, the research on self-construal is received widespread attention in cross-cultural psychology. In addition to the study of cultural differences on self-construal, the researchers have increasingly keen to study the relationship between self-construal and individual’s psychological processes and behavior. It has been found that there is a typical cultural difference in self-construal which can also influence individual’s perceptual features. Previous studies mainly focused on cross-cultural comparative study between European-American individuals and East Asia individuals, while the comparative study of another ethnic is less. This research takes Mongolians as participants for the first time, and uses the self-construal scale (SCS) to investigate the features of Mongolian and the Han college students’ self-construal under different cultural backgrounds, through behavioral experiments to study the effect of Han and Mongolian college students’ self-construal on their perception, and then through cultural priming paradigm to further explore the perceptual characteristics , it makes a tentative research on the relationship among the culture - self - cognition (perception). The results showed that, first of all, there is a significant difference between Mongolian and the Han college students’ self-construal. In the Han and Inner Mongolian college students’ self-construal, there are more interdependent than independent self-construal. In the Mongolian college students’ self-construal, there are more independent than interdependent self-construal. And then, the differences between Mongolian and the Han college students’ self-construal lead to the differences of their perception. In the Navon’s letter discrimination task, the Han and the Inner Mongolian college students are faster in the global level than the local level, While the Outer Mongolian college students are faster in the local level than the global level. The last but not least, the cultural priming study shows that the all participants performed better in the local level than the global level on letter discrimination task under independent self-construal priming; while under interdependent self-construal priming, the participants performed better in the global level than the local level on letter discrimination task. Therefore, the following conclusions can be drawn: Inner Mongolian and the Han college students prone to hold interdependent self-construal, Outer Mongolian college students prone to hold independent self-construal, cultural diversity and cultural integration have an impact on self-construal. Furthermore, the behavioral studies show that different types of self-construal have an effect on individuals’ perceptual cognition. The Han and Inner Mongolian college students hold a global cognition, while Mongolian college students hold a local cognition. The last in the condition of cultural priming, the immediate changes of self-construal lead to changes in perceptual processing, indicating that the changes in the perception caused by the changes of self-construal under cultural priming effects. Totally the academic framework of culture - self - cognition (perception) has been suit for Mongolian college students.