Psychological maltreatment is defined as impeding the mental and moral faculties and it involves the continuous, repetitive and inappropriate parenting behaviors, but not involve physical and sex contact, which greatly damage the children's cognitive, emotional and social development. Cognitive emotion regulation refers to the activation of a goal to regulate either the magnitude or duration of the emotional response, this process requires the involvement of cognitive control. However, little research addresses the relationship between psychological maltreatment and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in China, especially whether personality can be a mediator variable between psychological maltreatment and cognitive emotion regulation strategies. The present study, from the perspective of environment and personality, provides the basis for intervention for the health growth of children. We hypothesize that personality traits (neuroticism and extroversion) play a meditation role between psychological maltreatment and cognitive emotion regulation strategies. The sample in this study consisted of 405 children, ranged in age from 8 to 12 years old. Instruments were the Scale of The kid version of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Chinese Child version of Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and Child Psychological Maltreatment Scale. Structural equation model was employed to test the mediation effect of personality. Results showed that (1) Psychological maltreatment had significant positive correlations with Self-blame (p<.01), Acceptance (p<.01) and Catastrophizing (p<.01) and Other-blame (p<.01); psychological maltreatment had significant negative correlations with Positive Reappraisal (p<.05), Positive Refocusing Planning (p<.05) and Rational Analysis (p<.05),but had non-significant correlations with adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (2) neuroticism had a significant direct effect on maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (β=.589), but extroversion had non-significant indirect effect on maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. (3)Psychological maltreatment had a significant direct effect on maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (β=.493), neuroticism (β=.521), extroversion (β=.-266), but psychological maltreatment had non-significant indirect effect on maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies through neuroticism and extroversion (p>.05). These results indicated that neuroticism served as a full mediator effect between psychological maltreatment and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Additionally, we use multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis to investigate the difference in gender and age of this model. Results also showed that the mediation model has gender and grade measurement equivalence (ΔCFI < 0.01、ΔRMSEA < 0.015). Psychological maltreatment is more subtle, so it is not easy to detect, but it can cause serious psychological and emotional harm to the individual, children who suffered from psychological maltreatment would exhibit difficulty in emotion regulation and neurotic children are more likely to use maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies when they are suffered psychological maltreatment. However, extraverted children are less vulnerable to psychological maltreatment maybe extroversion is a kind of stable trait, which is not susceptible to adverse environment. Additionally, as a kind of adverse environment, psychological maltreatment is more subtle, would cause significant harm to the children’s development and that this harm extends into adult life regardless of boys and girls. A practical implication of this study is that parents need to act as a "careful caregiver" in the daily life, actively provide a comfortable parenting style which enhance the child’s self-esteem and improve the quality of life. Future research may proceed from longitudinal studies and intervention studies. Key words：psychological maltreatment；personality traits；cognitive emotion regulation；children