Abstract: In many task-switch studies, response repetitions produce benefits (response repetition benefit, RR benefit) when the task repeats but produce costs (response repetition costs, RR costs) when the task switches, which was terms as response repetition effects (RR effects). The response repetition is not bound to an exact (i.e., physical) repetition of the same response. Rather, the repetition of an abstract code (i.e. response category) in subsequent trials is sufficient to produce these effects. RR effects can also happen in response modes more than manual response (e.g. verbal response and motor imagery). Even if sequential trials have different response modes also found RR effects. Both stimuli valence and congruency can affect RR effects. The bivalent stimuli, which can be evaluated according to both tasks, yields larger RR costs and smaller RR benefit than univalent stimuli. Compared with incongruent trial, there are greater RR costs and smaller RR benefit after the congruent stimuli. RR costs were larger for bivalent-incongruent stimuli and univalent-incongruent stimuli than for neutral stimuli, which seems to be affected by the congruency of the preceding trial. The more response-related features repeat, the more remarkable the RR effects will be. In addition, longer task preparation time and time pressure would decrease RR benefit, but no consistent effects on RR costs. Three main theoretical frameworks have been proposed to explain these effects. The reconfiguration-based account proposes tasks are organized hierarchically, when a superordinate level (e.g., task-set) switches, this generalized downwards to all subordinate levels (e.g., the response). That is, switching the task implies preparing a different response than the one just executed. This results in costs for repeating the response of the preceding trial, because executing that response required an additional step of reconfiguration to switch back to that response. It provides evidence for neural mechanism, but can seldom explain the mechanisms of different influence factors, which might due to hierarchical control is not a specific process in task switching. The priming and inhibition account supported that responses are inhibited after they have been activated in order to prevent perseveration tendencies. The RR benefits in task-repetition trials are due to the concurrent repetition of the relevant stimulus category. This priming benefit overcompensates the negative effect of response inhibition. Otherwise, no stimulus category priming benefit in task-switch trials when response repeat, which results in RR costs. This theory was always studied in dual-task, which requires to distinguish from the study in task switching. According to the episodic-retrieval account, all task features (e.g. cue, task set, stimulus and response) serve as retrieval cues for previous episodes in which these features have been encountered and bound. Whenever at least one feature of a previous episode repeats, the previous event file is retrieved. Such retrieval is helpful while all features of the previous episode repeat in current episode. However, if only some features of the previous episode repeat, performance decreases considerably, due to the bindings mismatching and new bindings have to be established. The account only focuses on exact repetition but no abstract code repetition, or it is not clear which features an episode consists of. Furthermore, the weighting of different retrieval cues and matching and mismatching features need several additional assumptions. Current neuroscience study only focused on the neural basis and theoretical framework, more elaborate and concreted mechanisms should be discussed. To further explore various sources for RR effects is required and should base on integrating different theories.

Key words: task switching, response repetition benefit, response repetition cost, executive control

摘要： 在任务重复试次中反应的重复对反应有促进作用，而在任务切换试次中反应的重复对反应有阻碍作用，此现象即为反应重复效应（response repetition effects, RRE）。RRE普遍存在不同任务切换范式中，是一种抽象反应编码重复效应，受刺激效价和一致性、反应编码重复度和准备时间等因素影响。其理论解释主要有重构论、启动-抑制论、以及情境检索说。现有研究初步表明前额叶皮层是RRE的关键脑区，但RRE的认知神经机制及理论解释还有待进一步探讨。

关键词: 任务切换 反应重复优势 反应重复代价 执行控制