Abstract: Perseverance is a personality state in the face of setbacks. Undergraduates with high perseverance have higher confidence in their success, recover from negative emotions quickly, and are more likely to engage in persistent behavior although faced with setbacks. In contrast, undergraduates with low perseverance are not confident that they will succeed, are immersed in negative emotions, and give up easily when they experience setbacks. Improving confidence in success, emotional experience and persistent behavior of undergraduates with low perseverance can help them overcome setbacks and achieve success. Thus, the current study aimed to explore how to improve the setback psychology of undergraduates with low perseverance. Winner effect is defined as increased probabilities of winning future contests as a result of past experience of winning. Previous studies showed that confidence in success, positive emotions, and persistent behavior were significantly improved after experiencing successes. It suggests that successful experiences can improve the setback psychology of undergraduates with low perseverance after encountering setbacks. The present study aimed to further investigate how many times undergraduates with low perseverance experience successes can improve their setback psychology. In study 1, the undergraduate perseverance scale was used to select high-, middle- and low-perseverance groups. A figure reasoning task was used to create the setback-consecutive success situation. Participants experienced a setback and then experienced 1 success and 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 consecutive successes. The results found that the confidence in success of undergraduates after encountering setbacks improved after experiencing 1 success and began to level off after experiencing 6 consecutive successes. After encountering setbacks, the positive emotions of high perseverance group improved and began to level off after experiencing 1 success, and those of middle perseverance group improved after experiencing 1 success and began to level off after experiencing 4 consecutive successes, and those of low perseverance group improved after experiencing 1 success and began to level off after experiencing 6 consecutive successes. After encountering setbacks, the persistent intentions of high perseverance group improved and began to level off after experiencing 1 success, and those of middle perseverance group improved after experiencing 1 success and began to level off after experiencing 6 consecutive successes, and those of low perseverance group improved after experiencing 1 success and began to level off after experiencing 7 consecutive successes. In study 2, the undergraduate perseverance scale was used to select high- and low-perseverance groups. An anagram task was used to create the setback-consecutive success situation. Participants experienced a setback and then experienced 1 success and 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 consecutive successes. The results found that the confidence in success of undergraduates after encountering setbacks improved after experiencing 1 success and began to level off after experiencing 7 consecutive successes. After encountering setbacks, the positive emotions of high perseverance group improved and began to level off after experiencing 1 success, and those of low perseverance group improved after experiencing 1 success and began to level off after experiencing 6 consecutive successes. After encountering setbacks, the persistent intentions of high perseverance group improved and began to level off after experiencing 1 success, and those of low perseverance group improved after experiencing 1 success and began to level off after experiencing 7 consecutive successes. In conclusion, successful experiences can improve setback psychology of undergraduates with low perseverance. The positive emotions of undergraduates with low perseverance can be improved quicker than the persistent behavior after experiencing setbacks.

Key words: perseverance, successful experience, winner effect, setback psychology, undergraduate

摘要： 为考察多次成功对低耐挫大学生挫折心理的改善，研究1以高、中、低耐挫大学生为被试，采用图形推理任务创设挫折-连续成功情境（即先经历挫折，后经历多次成功）；研究2以高、低耐挫大学生为被试，采用部件组字任务创设挫折-连续成功情境。结果发现，在经历挫折后：（1）成功1次能改善大学生的成功坚信程度，连续成功6或7次能使其趋于稳定；（2）成功1次能改善低耐挫大学生的情绪体验，连续成功6次能使其相对稳定；（3）成功1次能改善低耐挫大学生的继续意愿，连续成功7次能使其趋于稳定。表明多次成功能改善低耐挫大学生的挫折心理。

关键词: 耐挫心理, 成功经历, 胜利者效应, 挫折心理, 大学生