It has been suggested that people with schizophrenia have an abnormal self-consciousness, and self-alienation is a core pathological feature of this disorder. Most of the studies investigated the self of people with schizophrenia is fragmented. The reason may be that the concept of self is abstract and complex, which makes it difficult to form a unified operational definition. Additionally, as a multi-level psychological system, researchers have not yet put forward an integrated model that can cover the self-theory of different disciplines. Integrating the interdisciplinary studies of self-theory can help in understanding the problem of consciousness more deeply, and also provide ideas for the relationship between schizophrenia and self. Gallagher attempted to integrate the self-theory of philosophy and cognitive science, and further divided the self into minimal self and narrative self. The minimal self refers to “Even if all of the unessential features of self are stripped away, we still have an intuition that there is a basic, immediate, or primitive ‘something’ that we are willing to call a self”. The narrative self refers to a more or less coherent self (or self-image) that is constituted with a past and a future in the various stories that we and others tell about ourselves. Studies of cognitive neuroscience and psychopathology have shown that the minimal self is composed of two closely related aspects: sense of agency and sense of ownership. Sense of agency is the experience that a person causes and controls one’s own actions and effects on the outside world. Sense of ownership is what I feel as someone who is experiencing an experience. Studies have shown that people with schizophrenia have impaired sense of agency, and this impairment may result in the emergence of some psychotic positive symptoms. Firth et al. proposed the self-monitoring model to explain the neural mechanism of agency and also believed that the interruption of the efference copy pathway might be an important reason for the impairment of sense of agency. Additionally, the sense of ownership is also impaired, which is closely related to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. However, the underlying factors that lead to the abnormal sense of ownership are not clear. Another core part of self is to be able to experience and feel the existence of us as a same individual over time. It is through narrative that the individual connects one’s past, present and future, constructs self and endows self-continuity. For a long time, clinical workers have observed that it is difficult for people with schizophrenia to describe their lives in a complete or coherent way. Recently, a large number of studies have also shown that the narrative self of schizophrenia usually exists in fragmentary form, and the defects of narrative self are closely related to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. This paper provides ideas for the relationship between different levels of self impairment and the etiology of schizophrenia.