Abstract: Narcissism and its clinical analogue, Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD), comprise a set of personality constructs characterized by pervasive patterns of grandiosity in fantasy and behavior, feelings of uniqueness and superiority, excessive need for admiration, a sense of entitlement, arrogance, self-centeredness, and low empathy. With some evidence suggesting that trait narcissism levels are increasing in the world, understanding its consequences is increasingly pressing. As the capacity to recognize and understand others' emotional states and to feel a similar emotion to another person, a lack of empathy in grandiose narcissistic individuals and NPD patients has long been observed. However, the narcissistic trait can also be manifested in a lesser-studied form, vulnerable narcissism, which shares the features of self-absorption, entitlement, conceit, disregard for others and interpersonal antagonism, but presents with low self-esteem, introversion, shame, psychological distress, and fragility. Given its variants in self-regulatory functioning, studies have found that vulnerable narcissism may differently relate to empathy. Will the vulnerable narcissistic trait be negatively associated with empathy for pain? According to the Dynamic Self-Regulatory Processing Model, vulnerable narcissistic individuals need to reduce their attention to pain of others and reduce their level of pain empathy to regulate their emotions and thus maintain a positive view of themselves. In present research, we systematically test this hypothesis by two studies.
In Study 1, we investigated whether the attentional bias toward others' painful faces mediates the relation between trait vulnerable narcissism and pain empathy. The level of trait vulnerable narcissism was measured by the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (HSNS). The attentional bias toward others' painful faces was measured by the dot-probe paradigm, in which a painful face and a neutral face were presented simultaneously for 500 ms, and the participants had to indicate the positions of the probes after the face presentations. The empathy for pain was measured by using a pain judgement task, in which participants were asked to rate the intensity of pain portrayed by faces of 10 Chinese models. The results of Study 1 showed that, trait level variations in vulnerable narcissism were negatively associated with attentional bias toward painful faces, which in turn led to lower levels of empathy responses to painful faces. In addition, the results also revealed that such an association held even when the effects of control variables, including age, gender, education, positive affect and negative affect, were controlled.
In Study 2, we further investigated whether the eye movement pattern in pain perception mediates the relationship between trait vulnerable narcissism and pain empathy. In this study, participants were asked to complete a pain judgment task, in which painful faces or neutral faces was presented for 2000 ms and participants had to indicate the intensity of pain portrayed by those faces in 10-point-scale. Eye movements were tracked by the SMI RED 500 eye-tracker when participants were viewing the faces. Four areas of interests were selected (i.e., areas of forehead, eyes, nose, and mouth). The results showed that trait vulnerable narcissism was negatively associated with the fixation duration within the eye areas of painful faces, which in turn led to the decreasing empathy for pain.
In summary, results of the present research support our hypothesis that vulnerable narcissistic individuals have deficits in their ability of pain empathy, which is caused by their reduced attentions toward others' painful faces.

Key words: vulnerable narcissism, attention, attentional bias, pain empathy, eye-tracking

摘要： 研究首次考察了隐性自恋特质与疼痛共情的关系,并考察了对疼痛面孔的视觉注意在这其中的中介作用。两个研究一致显示,隐性自恋对个体疼痛共情具有负向预测作用,且这一作用是由于隐性自恋者减少了对疼痛面孔的注意偏向,降低了对疼痛面孔眼部特征区域的注视时间。研究提示了高隐性自恋者会通过减少对他人疼痛表情面孔的注意,来降低对他人的疼痛共情,从而调节自身情绪,满足自身自我钦慕、自我关注的需求。

关键词: 隐性自恋, 注意, 注意偏向, 疼痛共情, 眼动