Social anxiety is a common emotional feature in the growth of children and adolescents. It mainly refers to the emotional experience of tension and anxiety when individuals interact with others in real life, which has a certain degree of negative impact on interpersonal skills, personal growth, development potential, and life attitude. In view of the multiplicity of social anxiety and its extensive influence, researchers have paid close attention to it in recent years, and it is particularly important to explore its influencing factors and developmental mechanisms. In particular, indulging in mobile phones may lead to the degradation of individual social skills, which in turn may induce social anxiety and other adaptation problems. At the same time, the propaganda of the ideal body image in media may cause the conflict between the ideal and reality among junior high school students, and deepen the shame of their own bodies. Previous studies have also shown that physical shame may play a mediating role in the relationship between mobile phone dependence and social anxiety.
However, most literature still uses the traditional analysis method of comparing the change of mean value, which is unable to provide information of the complete development rate of variables, and it is difficult to accurately grasp the dynamic development process among variables. Therefore, this study intends to take junior high school students as the research subjects, using the two indicators of initial level and development rate in the latent growth model, to examine the developmental trend of mobile phone dependence in junior high school students, body shame, and social anxiety from a dynamic perspective, and further explore the internal mechanisms of the three.
Using the Mobile Phone Dependence Scale, the Body Shame Scale, and the Social Communication Anxiety Scale, 339 junior high school students from two middle schools in Hunan Province were followed for three times in a year. All data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 and Mplus 7.0. The first step is to use SPSS 26.0 for descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. Secondly, using Mplus 7.0 to build an unconditional latent growth model to examine the development trend of each variable, in which the intercept represents the initial state and the slope represents the development rate. The third step is to establish a conditional latent growth model to test whether the development track of social anxiety is directly affected by mobile phone dependence. The fourth step is to construct a structural equation model to explore the relationship between intercept and slope of mobile phone dependence, body shame, and social anxiety.
The results showed that: (1) Mobile phone dependence, body shame and social anxiety in junior high school students all showed a steady upward trend, and the initial level and development rate of social anxiety were significantly negatively correlated. (2) The initial level and development rate of mobile phone dependence can directly predict the initial level and development rate of social anxiety respectively. (3) The initial level and development rate of body shame played a complete longitudinal mediating role in the mechanism of the influence of mobile phone dependence on the development of social anxiety.
Based on the longitudinal time course and the latent growth model, this study systematically explored the changing track, characteristics, and dynamic relationship among junior high school students' mobile phone dependence, body shame, and social anxiety, and accurately described the development and possible mechanisms of adolescent social anxiety and its risk factors. The results supported the Social Replacement Hypothesis, the Tripartite Influence Model, and the Cognitive Model of Social Anxiety, which has practical guiding significance for deepening the understanding of junior high school students' social anxiety, establishing effective detection and intervention measures, and promoting the mental health development of junior high school students.
Key words
mobile phone dependence /
body shame /
social anxiety /
latent growth model
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.content}}
References
[1] 蔡丹, 王凤娟, 赵佳林. (2018). 青少年的心理弹性及自我概念: 一年跟踪的交叉滞后分析. 心理科学, 41(4), 856-861.
[2] 常淑敏, 郭明宇, 王靖民, 王玲晓, 张文新. (2020). 学校资源对青少年早期幸福感发展的影响: 意向性自我调节的纵向中介作用. 心理学报, 52(7), 874-885.
[3] 何安明, 惠秋平. (2019). 大学生手机依赖与生活满意度的交叉滞后分析. 中国临床心理学杂志, 27(6), 1260-1263.
[4] 侯娟, 朱英格, 方晓义. (2021). 手机成瘾与抑郁: 社交焦虑和负性情绪信息注意偏向的多重中介作用. 心理学报, 53(4), 362-373.
[5] 李莹, 毕重增. (2020). 自我聚焦对社交焦虑的影响: 抽离与正念的调节作用. 心理科学, 43(1), 239-246.
[6] 刘红云, 孟庆茂. (2003). 纵向数据分析方法. 心理科学进展, 11(5), 586-592.
[7] 刘勤学, 杨燕, 林悦, 余思, 周宗奎. (2017). 智能手机成瘾: 概念、测量及影响因素. 中国临床心理学杂志, 25(1), 82-87.
[8] 钱铭怡, 刘兴华, 朱荣春. (2001). 大学生羞耻感的现象学研究. 中国心理卫生杂志, 15(2), 73-75.
[9] 孙婉, 杨坤, 许勇, 刘勇, 王宏, 朱丽娟, 赵建芳. (2020). 中文身体羞耻量表测评大学生人群的效度和信度. 中国临床心理学杂志, 28(4), 724-729.
[10] 王东梅, 张立新, 张镇. (2017). 问题性网络使用与幸福感、社交焦虑、抑郁关系的纵向研究. 心理与行为研究, 15(4), 569-576.
[11] 项明强, 王梓蓉, 马奔. (2019). 智能手机依赖量表中文版在青少年中的信效度检验. 中国临床心理学杂志, 27(5), 959-964.
[12] 叶贝, 李丹, 代同同, 刘俊升, 陈欣银. (2019). 青少年早期负面评价恐惧的发展轨迹及其影响因素. 心理科学, 42(1), 62-67.
[13] 叶冬梅, 钱铭怡, 刘兴华, 陈曦. (2007). 社会交往焦虑量表和社交恐惧量表的修订. 中国临床心理学杂志, 15(2), 115-117.
[14] 叶艳, 范方, 陈世键, 张烨, 龙可, 唐凯晴, 王鹤. (2014). 心理弹性、负性生活事件和抑郁症状的关系: 钢化效应和敏化效应. 心理科学, 37(6), 1502-1508.
[15] 张亚利, 李森, 俞国良. (2019). 自尊与社交焦虑的关系: 基于中国学生群体的元分析. 心理科学进展, 27(6), 1005-1018.
[16] 张玥, 张冬静, 熊琳, 谷传华. (2018). 手机成瘾与大学生抑郁、焦虑的关系: 中介与调节效应分析. 中国临床心理学杂志, 26(6), 1086-1090.
[17] 周浩, 龙立荣. (2004). 共同方法偏差的统计检验与控制方法. 心理科学进展, 12(6), 942-950.
[18] Bae, S. M. (2019). The relationship between smartphone use for communication, social capital, and subjective well-being in Korean adolescents: Verification using multiple latent growth modeling. Children and Youth Services Review, 96, 93-99.
[19] Beidel D. C., Turner S. M., & Morris T. L. (1995). A new inventory to assess childhood social anxiety and phobia: The social phobia and anxiety inventory for children. Psychological Assessment, 7(1), 73-79.
[20] Clark D. M.,& Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R. Heimberg, M. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope, & F. R. Schneier (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment and treatment. Guilford Press.
[21] de Lijster J. M., Dieleman G. C., Utens E. M. W. J., Dierckx B., Wierenga M., Verhulst F. C., & Legerstee J. S. (2018). Social and academic functioning in adolescents with anxiety disorders: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 230, 108-117.
[22] de Valle M. K., Gallego-García M., Williamson P., & Wade T. D. (2021). Social media, body image, and the question of causation: Meta-analyses of experimental and longitudinal evidence. Body Image, 39, 276-292.
[23] Fernández R. S., Pedreira M. E., Boccia M. M., & Kaczer L. (2018). Commentary: Forgetting the best when predicting the worst: Preliminary observations on neural circuit function in adolescent social anxiety. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1088.
[24] Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women' s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 173-206.
[25] Gattario, K. H., & Frisén, A. (2019). From negative to positive body image: Men' s and women' s journeys from early adolescence to emerging adulthood. Body Image, 28, 53-65.
[26] Jefferies, P., & Ungar, M. (2020). Social anxiety in young people: A prevalence study in seven countries. PLoS ONE, 15(9), e0239133.
[27] Jin Jeong Y., Suh B., & Gweon G. (2020). Is smartphone addiction different from Internet addiction? Comparison of addiction-risk factors among adolescents. Behaviour and Information Technology, 39(5), 578-593.
[28] Kilpela L. S., Calogero R., Wilfred S. A., Verzijl C. L., Hale W. J., & Becker C. B. (2019). Self-objectification and eating disorder pathology in an ethnically diverse sample of adult women: Cross-sectional and short-term longitudinal associations. Journal of Eating Disorders, 7(1), 45.
[29] Kraut R., Patterson M., Lundmark V., Kiesler S., Mukopadhyay T., & Scherlis W. (1998). Internet paradox. A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being? American Psychologist, 53(9), 1017-1031.
[30] Lee, M., & Lee, H. H. (2020). Objective versus subjective comparisons of body size against thin media models, media pressures, internalization, and body satisfaction. Social Science Journal, 57(3), 269-280.
[31] Lemyre A., Gauthier-Légaré A., & Bélanger R. E. (2019). Shyness, social anxiety, social anxiety disorder, and substance use among normative adolescent populations: A systematic review. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 45(3), 230-247.
[32] Lutwak N., Panish J., & Ferrari J. (2003). Shame and guilt: Characterological vs. behavioral self-blame and their relationship to fear of intimacy. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(4), 909-916.
[33] Meredith, W., & Tisak, J. (1990). Latent curve analysis. Psychometrika, 55(1), 107-122.
[34] Pearcey S., Gordon K., Chakrabarti B., Dodd H., Halldorsson B., & Creswell C. (2021). Research review: The relationship between social anxiety and social cognition in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62(7), 805-821.
[35] Rutter, M. (2012). Resilience as a dynamic concept. Development and Psychopathology, 24(2), 335-344.
[36] Salomon, I., & Brown, C. S. (2019). The selfie generation: Examining the relationship between social media use and early adolescent body image. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 39(4), 539-560.
[37] Teng, F., & Poon, K. T. (2020). Body surveillance predicts young Chinese women' s social anxiety: Testing a mediation model. Journal of Gender Studies, 29(6), 623-635.
[38] Thompson J. K., Heinberg L. J., Altabe M., & Tantleff-Dunn S. (1999). Exacting beauty: Theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance. American Psychological Association.
[39] Tort-Nasarre G., Pollina Pocallet M., & Artigues-Barberà E. (2021). The meaning and factors that influence the concept of body image: Systematic review and meta-ethnography from the perspectives of adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 1140.
[40] Yang X. J., Zhou Z. K., Liu Q. Q., & Fan C. Y. (2019). Mobile phone addiction and adolescents' anxiety and depression: The moderating role of mindfulness. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(3), 822-830.
[41] Yau, J. C., & Reich, S. M. (2019). “It' s Just a Lot of Work”: Adolescents' self-presentation norms and practices on facebook and instagram. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 29(1), 196-209.
PDF(1023 KB)
