With the development of society, the traditional definition of adulthood is constantly changing. It has become a common phenomenon for young people to delay entering adulthood. Emerging adulthood refers to the period between 18 to 29 years old when individuals are legal adults in terms of physiology and age but not in terms of cultural and social perspectives. The most important feature of this stage is to explore and achieve the adulthood tasks and to make identity construction. Previous theories on the development of individual identity have not discussed the specific tasks of adulthood. However, there are differences in identity construction by individual's understanding and attainment of the adult mark, and which will be affected by social culture. Hence, the current research attempted to explore the potential types and characteristics of adult identity construction by emerging adult groups in China. Parents often play an important role in the development of individuals. Filial piety is the operation principle of the Chinese family relationship, and different types of filial piety may affect children's development differently. Reciprocal filial piety families emphasize equality and respect, which can promote the development of their children's autonomy and independence. Authoritarian filial piety families emphasize children's authority obedience, which will inhibit individual autonomy. Therefore, the current research also attempted to explore the influence of filial piety on the construction of adult identity.
This research used the "person-centered perspective" to explore the potential types and characteristics of the emerging adult group's identity construction towards adulthood, and also examined the influence of dual filial piety on the identity construction of adulthood. This study recruited 1040 participants aged 18~29 in the early stage of adulthood to complete the self-report questionnaire. The survey of this study consists of three parts: the Markers of Adulthood Scale (divided into two parts: Assessment of understanding of adult markers and assessment of whether they are reached), the Dual Filial Piety Scale, and demographic variables (gender, age, education, whether students, work conditions, and family socioeconomic status). In terms of data analysis, Mplus8.0 software was used for confirmatory factor analysis and latent profile analysis, and SPSS18.0 software was used for variance analysis and multiple logistics regression analysis.
The results of the latent profile analysis showed that identity construction towards adulthood of emerging adults was divided into three potential categories: diffused (20.72 %), moratorium (47.80%), and transitional (31.48 %). Individuals from families with higher socioeconomic status and older age were more likely to be distributed in the transitional type. Individuals of reciprocal filial piety were more likely to be distributed in the moratorium type and the transitional type, while the authoritative filial piety was more likely to be distributed in the transitional type, followed by the diffused type, and finally the moratorium type. Specifically, reciprocal filial piety would make individuals' views on markers of adult more complex, and authoritative filial piety may not only promote the construction of adult identity, but also lead to confusion in the construction of adult identity. The results of the research reveal the potential types and characteristics of the adult identity construction of the early adulthood groups and emphasize the importance of family filial piety categories, which provides important enlightenment for helping adolescents make a healthy transition to adulthood.
Key words
emerging adulthood /
adult identity construction /
reciprocal filial piety /
authoritarian filial piety /
latent profile analysis
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.content}}
References
[1] 段鑫星. (2008). 成人初显期的特征、生活目标及其与人格、幸福感的关系 (博士学位论文). 北京师范大学.
[2] 段鑫星, 程嘉. (2007). 成人初显期理论及其评述. 当代青年研究, 2, 20-27.
[3] 傅绪荣, 汪凤炎, 陈翔, 魏新东. (2016). 孝道: 理论、测量、变迁及与相关变量的关系. 心理科学进展, 24(2), 293-304.
[4] 葛枭语. (2021). 孝的多维心理结构: 取向之异与古今之变. 心理学报, 53(3), 306-321.
[5] 国家统计局. (2020). 中华人民共和国2019年国民经济和社会发展统计公报. 中国统计, 3, 8-22.
[6] 李启明. (2014). 孝道的代际传递及其对老人的积极效应 (博士学位论文). 华中科技大学, 武汉.
[7] 李启明, 陈志霞. (2016). 物质主义对双元孝道的影响——基于代际传递的视角. 心理科学, 39(5), 1216-1222.
[8] 刘广增, 张大均, 朱政光, 李佳佳, 陈旭. (2020). 家庭社会经济地位对青少年问题行为的影响: 父母情感温暖和公正世界信念的链式中介作用. 心理发展与教育, 36(2), 240-248.
[9] 王孟成, 毕向阳. (2018). 潜变量建模与Mplus应用·进阶篇. 重庆大学出版社.
[10] 王宁. (2018).“准成人期”: 青年研究的新范式简. 青年探索, 1, 51-61.
[11] 王小璐. (2014). 个体化进程中的成年: 当代青年对成年标志的选择及认知. 广西民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 36(4), 60-66.
[12] 杨立华. (2017). 敬、慕之间: 儒家论“孝”的心性基础. 江苏社会科学, 5, 131-135.
[13] 杨宜音, 胡琳丽, 张曙光. (2016). 社会变迁适应性视角下的自我与孝道. 中国社会心理学评论, 2, 44-64.
[14] 叶光辉. (2009). 华人孝道双元模型研究的回顾与前瞻. 本土心理学研究, 12(32), 101-148.
[15] Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480.
[16] Arnett, J. J. (2001). Conceptions of the transition to adulthood: Perspectives from adolescence through midlife. Journal of Adult Development, 8(2), 133-143.
[17] Arnett, J. J. (2007). Emerging adulthood: What is it, and what is it good for? Child Development Perspectives, 1(2), 68-73.
[18] Arnett J. J.(2015). The Oxford handbook of emerging adulthood. Oxford University Press.
[19] Arnett J. J., Žukauskienė R., & Sugimura K. (2014). The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18-29 years: Implications for mental health. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(7), 569-576.
[20] Elder G. H., Jr., Shanahan M. J., & Jennings J. A. (2015). Human development in time and place. In R. M. Lerner (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science. John Wiley and Sons.
[21] Faherty A. N., Lowe K., & Arnett J. J. (2020). Mind games: Parental psychological control and emerging adults' adjustment. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(2), 695-714.
[22] Fosse N. E., Grahe J. E., & Reifman A. (2015). Markers of adulthood subscale development: Comparative review and assessment of inductive and deductive psychometrics. https://osf.io/p8nwq
[23] Inguglia C., Liga F., Lo Coco A., Musso P., & Ingoglia S. (2018). Satisfaction and frustration of autonomy and relatedness needs: Associations with parenting dimensions and psychological functioning. Motivation and Emotion, 42(5), 691-705.
[24] Kloep, M., & Hendry, L. B. (2014). Some ideas on the emerging future of developmental research. Journal of Adolescence, 37(8), 1541-1545.
[25] Lan X. Y., Ma C. H., & Radin R. (2019). Parental autonomy support and psychological well-being in Tibetan and Han emerging adults: A serial multiple mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 621.
[26] Leung A. N. M., Wong S. S. F., Wong I. W. Y., & McBride-Chang C. (2010). Filial piety and psychosocial adjustment in Hong Kong Chinese early adolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 30(5), 651-667.
[27] Luyckx K., Goossens L., & Soenens B. (2006). A developmental contextual perspective on identity construction in emerging adulthood: Change dynamics in commitment formation and commitment evaluation. Developmental Psychology, 42(2), 366-380.
[28] Luyckx K., Soenens B., Vansteenkiste M., Goossens L., & Berzonsky M. D. (2007). Parental psychological control and dimensions of identity formation in emerging adulthood. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(3), 546-550.
[29] Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(5), 551-558.
[30] Nelson L. J., Duan X. X., Padilla-Walker L. M., & Luster S. S. (2013). Facing adulthood: Comparing the criteria that Chinese emerging adults and their parents have for adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Research, 28(2), 189-208.
[31] Nelson, L. J., & Padilla-Walker, L. M. (2013). Flourishing and floundering in emerging adult college students. Emerging Adulthood, 1(1), 67-78.
[32] Newcomb-Anjo S. E., Barker E. T., & Howard A. L. (2017). A person-centered analysis of risk factors that compromise wellbeing in emerging adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(4), 867-883.
[33] Pan Y. Q., Gauvain M., & Schwartz S. J. (2013). Do parents' collectivistic tendency and attitudes toward filial piety facilitate autonomous motivation among young Chinese adolescents? Motivation and Emotion, 37(4), 701-711.
[34] Podsakoff P. M., MacKenzie S. B., Lee J. Y., & Podsakoff N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
[35] Rasmussen E. E., Punyanunt-Carter N., LaFreniere J. R., Norman M. S., & Kimball T. G. (2020). The serially mediated relationship between emerging adults' social media use and mental well-being. Computers in Human Behavior, 102, 206-213.
[36] Romaine, C. L. R. (2019). Psychosocial maturity and risk-taking in emerging adults: Extending our understanding beyond delinquency. Emerging Adulthood, 7(4), 243-257.
[37] Scharf M., Mayseless O., & Kivenson-Baron I. (2004). Adolescents' attachment representations and developmental tasks in emerging adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 40(3), 430-444.
[38] Sharon, T. (2016). Constructing adulthood: Markers of adulthood and well-being among emerging adults. Emerging Adulthood, 4(3), 161-167.
[39] Swanson, J. A. (2016). Trends in literature about emerging adulthood: Review of empirical studies. Emerging Adulthood, 4(6), 391-402.
[40] Tagliabue S., Crocetti E., & Lanz M. (2016). Emerging adulthood features and criteria for adulthood: Variable- and person-centered approaches. Journal of Youth Studies, 19(3), 374-388.
[41] von Eye A., Bergman L. R., & Hsieh C. A. (2015). Person-oriented methodological approaches. In R. M. Lerner (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science (pp. 789-841). John Wiley and Sons.
[42] Yeh, K. H., & Bedford, O. (2003). A test of the dual filial piety model. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 6(3), 215-228.
[43] Zhong, J., & Arnett, J. J. (2014). Conceptions of adulthood among migrant women workers in China. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 38(3), 255-265.
PDF(684 KB)
