Abstract:

The normal aged group who had never suffered from depression, and the aged depressed group were recruited using GDS, SDS and HAMD as tools. The cue-target task and emotional Stroop task were used to test the phases of attention bias in depression, and the effect of depth of processing and the cues on the attention biases in depressive older people. The results showed that: (1) In the cue-target task, when the presentation of stimuli was for 250ms or 500ms, there were no differences in IOR effects between all types of stimulation for both depressed aged people and the normal aged group (P> 0.05) under this condition, this means that the aged depressed group showed no attention bias. When the presentation of stimuli was for 750ms or 1000ms, the depressed aged people's IOR effects were significantly different under different types of stimulation, F(2, 66) = 3.22, P = 0.046, while the normal group showed no difference in IOR effects under all types of stimulation (P> 0.05) . Further test indicated that when the presentation of stimuli was for 750ms or 1000ms, the IOR effects to the stimulation of sad faces were significantly different between the two groups, F(1, 33) = 10.03, P = 0.003; F(1, 33) = 18.21, P = 0.000. These indicated that the depressed aged people's attentional biases appeared when the presentation of stimuli was 750ms or 1000ms. (2) In the Stroop task, there were significant differences of RTs under different cue types of stimulation in the aged depression group and there were significant differences of RTs between two groups under the stimulation of sad faces, double sad faces, sad and natural faces, F(1, 41) = 5.37，P=0.026；F(1, 41) = 7.08，P=0.011；F(1, 41) = 7.28，P=0.010；which hints that attention bias in depressive aged group to negative cues may appear in early attentional process phase. The authors considered that the depressed aged people’s attention bias can occur in the initial allocation phase or attention disengagement phase; and was impacted by the depth of processing.

Key words: Older people, depression, attentional biases, initial allocation, attention disengagement

摘要：

本研究以老年抑郁量表、自评抑郁量表和汉密顿抑郁量表为工具筛选出老年抑郁个体和老年正常对照组为研究对象，通过空间线索化范式，以及分离的情绪Stroop范式考察了刺激呈现时间、线索呈现条件对老年抑郁个体注意偏向的影响，并探讨了老年抑郁个体注意偏向的发生阶段。研究结果表明：（1）在空间线索任务中，当刺激呈现时间为250ms或500ms时，老年抑郁组与老年正常组的返回抑制效应在各种情绪刺激下均无显著差异（P>0.05），即老年抑郁个体没有呈现出对任何情绪刺激类型的注意偏向现象；当刺激呈现时间为750ms或1000ms时，老年抑郁组的返回抑制效应在不同情绪刺激条件下差异显著，F(2, 66)=3.22，P=0.046，而老年正常组则不存在返回抑制效应在情绪刺激类型上的差异（P>0.05），提示老年抑郁组对不同情绪类型的刺激注意返回抑制能力不同；进一步检验得知：返回抑制效应在悲伤条件下，存在组间差异，分别是F(1, 33)=10.03，P=0.003；F(1, 33)=18.21，P=0.000，即老年抑郁组的返回抑制效应弱于老年正常组。（2）在Stroop实验中，老年抑郁组在单中性、双中性与单悲伤面孔、中性悲伤面孔、双悲伤面孔线索类型下的反应时差异显著；且当线索类型为单悲伤面孔、中性悲伤面孔、双悲伤面孔时，老年抑郁组与老年正常组的反应时差异均显著，即老年抑郁组的反应时明显长于老年正常组，F(1, 41) = 5.37，P=0.026；F(1, 41) = 7.08，P=0.011；F(1, 41) = 7.28，P=0.010；而当线索类型为单中性和双中性面孔时，老年抑郁组与老年正常组的反应时差异不显著（P>0.05）；提示抑郁组可能在自动化注意选择分配期存在注意偏向。研究认为，老年抑郁个体的注意偏向可能发生在注意初始分配阶段和解释阶段，且受加工深度的影响。在刺激呈现时间较长的条件下，注意偏向的效应更明显。

关键词: 老年人, 抑郁, 注意偏向, 初始定向, 注意转移