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    Missing data handling methods based on the 2PLM
    wenyi Wang
    2016, 39(6): 1500-1507. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF  

    Missing data are encountered regularly by researchers in education research. For example, many large-scale assessments are low-stakes surveys, which typically suffer from a substantial amount of missing data. The low-stakes nature of these surveys, as well as variations in average performance across countries and other factors such as testing traditions, test design, time limited, intentional omission, and so on, have been discussed as contributing factors to the amount of omitted responses observed in these assessments. Researchers have shown that missing data may create problems in the estimation of item parameters and subject ability parameters in the item response theory (IRT) context. A number of missing data handling methods have been developed in the IRT framework. The methods are not only involving response function imputation, but also including treating the missing items as not presented (NP), incorrect (IN) or fractionally correct (FR), can be carried out directly with the item parameter estimation software BILOG-MG. There have also been a number of algorithms in the context of data imputation. The current study described several approaches to deal with missing data in the two-parameter logistic model (2PLM). Although the software BILOG-MG could handle the missing data, but it is a commercial software. We need to domestically develop an EM algorithm in which the missing responses were ignored, that is, treated as missing completely at random (MCAR). MCAR which can be thought of as having no systematic cause is only one specific types of missing data. Noted that Zhang, Xin, Zeng, and Sun have proposed an EM algorithm (denote it as ZS) to dealing with missing data under MCAR with a huge computational burden when percent of missing data is higher. When data are miss at random (MAR), the probability of a value being missing is dependent on item response of the individual but not on the missing value itself. The estimation of item parameters and abilities may be influenced. However, to the best of our knowledge, there has been no work addressing the missing data under the assumption for MAR in 2PLM. We propose an EM algorithm under MAR, denoted by EE. Following a general introduction of multiple imputing methods based on item response model, two new multiple imputing methods (EF and ER) were proposed through considering uncertainties of ability parameter estimates and missing item responses, compared against two original methods (PF and PR) proposed by Huisman, and Molenaar only based on item responses probability. Simulation studies were provided to demonstrate the accuracy of these methods with sample size of 1000. Various percents of missing data were simulated: 5%,15%,30%,40%,and 50%. Missing data was simulated according to three different types of underlying missing data mechanism, including MCAR, MAR, and missing not at random. Missing data was imputed using NP, ZS, IN, PR, PF, ER, EF, and EE. Simulation results suggested that new multiple inputting methods and NP method worked well under various conditions; the EM algorithm under MAR has similar performance compared to the NP, because the 2PLM has the advantage of invariance of model parameters.

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    Multi-stage Testing with Cognitive Diagnosis
    2016, 39(6): 1492-1499. 
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    Abstract Multi-stage Testing is a computerized testing which aims to improve the disadvantages of CAT, it incorporates most of the advantages from CAT and linear testing. It has some advantages, such as reducing the test length, efficient for measurement, allowing test takers item review, easier to implement, easier to assemble, flexible test schedule for test takers and so on. Cognitive Diagnosis Assessment aims to determine whether or not examinees have each of many attributes or skills underlying responses to items. In contrast to IRT, CDA provides a more detailed evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of students. Zheng & Chang (2014) presented a new adaptive testing design called on-the-fly assembled multistage adaptive testing (OMST), which combined the benefits of CAT and MST and offsets their limitations. Like MST, OMST is administered in stages and only adapts between stages. But unlike MST, where the modules in every stage are all pre-assembled before administration, the stages in OMST are assembled on the fly. This study presents Cognitive Diagnostic Multi-stage Testing based on the thoughts of MST、CDA、CD-CAT and OMST, in order to increase the application of CDA. CD-MST is a new idea which combines CD with MST. CD-MST has many advantages. It has the functions of cognitive diagnosis and adaptive; compared with CD-CAT, it has speed superiority, and allows the examinees to go back to check and revise; it is also a flexible testing, the test takers can arrange the testing designs according to their demand. CD-MST can solve some practical problems, it has theoretical and practical values. Among the main components of CD-MST, stage item selection strategies can influent the estimation of the examinee’s attribute vectors. Here we use some CD-CAT’s item selection indices to choose stage items of CD-MST. In CD-CAT, these indices are used to choose item, the largest one or the smallest one is chosen. But in CD-MST, if the stage has five items, it is needed to choose the largest five items or the smallest five items, so it is called stage item selection strategies. The research used two simulations to illustrate the CD-MST. First, we tried to find out if the testing designs of CD-MST could influence the results of CD-MST, two contributory factors were considered, the quality of item bank and the item selection strategy. Second, we wanted to contract the CD-MST and the CD-CAT, the following value indexes were considered, the ACCR and the PCCR. We also investigated the speed of CD-MST and CD-CAT. The results showed that compared with MPWKL, GDI and SHE, the recovery rate of PWKL was poorer. This is because PWKL relies on the estimate of knowledge state α_i^((t)). α_i^((t)) is inaccurate in initial stage of testing, PWKL would be influenced. CD-MST has fewer adaptive frequencies, so PWKL is not fit CD-MST. Compared with CD-CAT, CD-MST was more influenced by the quality of item bank. When the item bank had high quality, the recovery rate of CD-MST was as high as CD-CAT. Form the results of the examinees’ average time consuming, we could conclude that CD-CAT cost more time than CD-MST, CD-MST can save the time of 2/3.

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    The Effect of Family Function on Adolescents’ Subjective Well-being
    2016, 39(6): 1406-1412. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF  

    Subjective well-being (SWB) is the degree to which an individual judges the overall quality of her or his life as a whole in a favorable way, consisting of cognitive evaluation and affect experience. It has long been a construct of interest in the field of positive psychology. However the subjective well-being of adolescent did not received enough attention as it should. Previous studies demonstrate that family, peer and individual factors show great impact on adolescent SWB. Yet little is known about the underlying mechanism of how these factors act synergistically on adolescents’ SWB. And the Developmental Contextualism shows the necessity of knowing more about how family, peer and individual factors affect adolescents’ SWB synergistically. Among many influential factors, recent studies have shown that family function as an integrated and deep family variable, peer attachment as a momentous peer variable, prosocial behavior as a reflect variable of individual adapting to the society actively, were positively associated with subjective well-being, and their impact on subjective well-being is not independent of each other. To explore the relationships among family function, peer attachment, prosocial behavior and adolescents’ well-being, a sequential mediation model is proposed in the current study. In this model, the sequential mediation role of peer attachment and prosocial behavior on the relationship between adolescent family function and subjective well-being had been assumed. 2949 adolescents from 8 schools (1312 boys and 1637 girls, Mage=15.51±1.57) were tested with subjective well-being (consisting of Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Scale for Children, revised Chinese version of Positive and Negative Affect), family function (Family Function Overall Rating Scale), peer attachment (Peer Attachment Scale from revised Chinese version of Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment), prosocial behavior (Prosocal Behavior Measure for Adolescent), and control variables (including gender, age, Responding Desirably Scale, and Family’s Social Economic Status(SES)). The results as follows: (1) Positive correlations were observed among adolescents’ overall family function, peer attachment, prosocial behavior, life satisfaction and positive affect. And all of those variables have negative correlations with negative affect; (2) Structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that a sequential mediation model was created. After controlling for age, gender, SES, and social desirability, overall family function significantly predicted adolescents’ subjective well-being directly. It also significantly contributed to adolescents’ subjective well-being indirectly by both separate mediate effect and chained mediate effect of peer attachment and prosocial behavior. The current study explored how overall family function, peer attachment and prosocial behavior influence adolescent’ subjective well-being synergistically, and demonstrated that peer attachment and prosocial behavior had a sequential mediation effect on the relationship between family function and adolescent’ subjective well-being, which contributed to a better explanation of the relationship between family function and subjective well-being. The research findings will play a significant role in promoting the level of adolescent’ subjective well-being. Future studies may further employ longitudinal and experimental methods to explore the relationships among those factors.

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    Happy Person or Happy Nation? Different Views of PositiveEmotions in Chinese Culture
    Xiao-Jun WANG
    2016, 39(6): 1413-1419. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF  

    The key to our understanding of the meaning of emotions in various culture systems may be the construction of self and the way of self participate in social lives.Many researches demonstrated that the constructions of self can influent the emotional processing directly. People in the literature reach a consensus that in European American cultural contexts there is a strong faith in the independence and autonomy of the self. It means that each individual is seen as an individual who pursues his or her own end. In contrast, in East Asian cultural contexts there is a diametrically opposite view of the self as interdependent.This view assumes that the self is related to one another in a relationship inherently. According to those previous researches, within this rugged individualistic view of the self, positive emotions are also likely to take its specific forms, wherein personal and internal aspects of emotions receive a strong emphasis. Such a Euro-American style of positive emotions can availably be named as individually oriented emotion.Due to the view of emotions asindividually oriented, people are more likely to adopt a short-term hedonic approach to regulate their emotions. They regard positive emotions as good luck and fortune.Therefore, according to a hedonic view, the maximization of pleasant emotions and the absence of unpleasant emotions are core ingredients of emotion regulation strategies. However, within this interdependent model of self, positive emotions are also likely to take one particular form, wherein interpersonal and social aspects of emotions receive a much stronger emphasis. Such an East Asian style of positive emotions can be described as socially oriented emotions. Due to the socially oriented emotions, positive emotion is not just as positive. People may seek to regulate their emotions for reasons other than maximizing pleasure or minimizing pain.Such motivated view of emotions can be named as contra-hedonic emotional regulation. All in all, viewed from the cross-cultural trend, researchers may seek to expand their researches from the following aspects: localization perspective, implicit measurements and socio-cultural paradigm of neural. For example: (1) China is a typical society which holds a great emphasis on collectivistic value. However, there is no research focus on this society in the past researches. It should make a change in cross-cultural research in future time. The previous researches focus on how people understand the meaning of emotions in various culture systems. And it could turn to figure out how Chinese regard their positive emotions and how to regulate their emotions. (2) The previous study methods almost based on self-report and questionnaire which may lead to subjectively results. In the future, from a methodological approach, researchers could use the Implicit Association Test (IAT) paradigm to improve their research instead of behavior investigation. (3) Emotion evocation leads to nervous system activation.A great number of researches have indicated that discrete physiological reactions might be associated with specific emotions.Future research could turn away to the neural physiological differences when people with various cultural contexts perceive positive emotions. This may provide concrete evidences to the difference of emotional processing.

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    The Effect of Morphological Awareness on Reading Fluency: Mediating Role of Word Recognition
    2016, 39(6): 1398-1405. 
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    The Developmental Features of PASS Cognitive Processes in Different Mathematical Skills
    zhou xuan Dan CAI
    2016, 39(6): 1391-1397. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF  

    PASS theory was the cognitive processing intelligence theory developed by Das and Naglieri. The theory framework was Planning- Attention- Simultaneous Processes- Successive Processes (PASS), which was based on Luria’s working of the brain. It was indicated that high correlations between the cognitive processes of PASS and mathematical ability, and regression analysis indicated the powerful predictors of mathematical achievements were at the lower levels of PASS in low grades, while higher levels of PASS had more effects on the mathematical achievements in high grades. The previous studies in which planning was found to be significantly related to mathematical tasks and the highest correlation found between planning and arithmetic problems. Attention exerted a great impact on the equation listing performance, the processing system of Simultaneous processing and successive processing were necessary in all grades. Despite the fact that studies on different cognitive processes had been found to be some significant predictor of mathematics learning, much less was known about their contribution to different types of mathematical tasks. Actually, different cognitive processes of PASS differently predicted different kinds of mathematical tasks. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of four cognitive processes in three mathematical tasks, and to know the different cognitive characteristics in different fields of mathematical learning . This study employed the Cognitive Assessment system-2B (CAS-2B), the manipulation tool of PASS theory and selected the 226 students from grade 2, grade 4 and grade 7 to explore the features of PASS in the three tasks, that is, calculation fluency, math problem-solving and mathematical reasoning. The results suggested that different cognitive processes of PASS differently in three different grades and in three different mathematical tasks. In math reasoning task, simultaneous processing played an extremely important role in all three grades, accounted for 15%~17% unique variance, attention process only in grade 2 exerted a strong predictor to mathematical reasoning. Simultaneous processing was engaged when the relationship between items and their integration into whole units of information was required, so it predicted unique variance in mathematical reasoning which was synthetic mathematical task; in math calculation fluency task, the attention process with increasing grade, which predictive power gradually diminishes, it accounted for 5%~24% unique variance, and the role of the planning function gradually outstanding, the planning function directed students to utilize calculation rules and the attention process was in charge of maintaining the whole calculating task; in mathematical problem-solving, successive processing and attention can predict grade 2 significantly, however, the functions of planning and simultaneous processing become more significant in grade 4. There are different cognitive processes for mathematical tasks with different difficulty levels, simultaneous processing and successive processing played a main role in complicated tasks such as math reasoning and math problem-solving; planning function and attention process was very important to simple tasks such as the calculation fluency task. The results provide some theoretical basis for different grades students’ targeted mathematical learning training in the future and boost students’ mathematics performance in different areas of mathematical tasks.

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    The Common and Distinct Cognitive Neuromechanisms underlying Divergent Thinking and Humor: A Dual-Processing Perspective
    2016, 39(6): 1525-1530. 
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    Creativity is the fountainhead of human civilizations. All progress and innovation depend on our ability to change existing thinking patterns, break with the present, and build something new. As we all known that creativity is not only refers to a creative ability, but also a kind of advanced cognitive activities. Because of the central of the creativity is the divergent thinking, the present review focuses on the divergent thinking which can be described as the process or ability to generate new and creative ideas to given open problems. We review the studies which carried out the Alternative Uses Test is the prototypical example of a divergent thinking task as much as possible, It requires participants to generate alternative uses for, for instance, a brick or a pair of scissors. Consequently, we conclude the divergent thinking processing contains of three stages: informationretrieval, information selection and information integration. While Humor is an universal but unique phenomenon of which the studies have a considerable applied value. Humor is an important high-level cognitive activity that plays a crucial role in social life and also impacts various psychological and physiological phenomena. According to the Wyer and Collin's comprehension–elaboration theory of humor, humor processing contains of comprehension and elaboration, and the comprehension refers to the detection and resolution of incongruities. The Cognitive Neuromechanisms’ investigation of divergent thinking and humor hence strive to unveil the specific neural processes leading to creative thought and humor comprehension. In psychology, a dual process theory provides an account of how a phenomenon can occur in two different ways, or as a result of two different processes. Therefore, we compare the cognitive neuromechanisms of the divergent thinking and humor in a dual-processing perspective. Generally speaking, the two processes consist of the automatic process which is unconscious and the controlled process which is conscious. Through the present review, we can found that the similarity of the cognitive process of the divergent thinking and humor, which all involve the dual-processing. And the initial stage of the two cognitive processes privilege to the automatic process, but in the later, as the higher cognitive load, more difficult tasks, and the two cognitive processes more privilege to the controlled process. While as for the both brain mechanisms’ comparing, we found that under the controlled process both overlap neural mechanisms are much larger than the overlap under the automatic process. Moreover, the prefrontal cortex which takes charge of the controlled process is the key mechanism to the divergent thinking and humor processing. Future research could focus on the cooperation of the dual processes, on the one hand, it can reveals the internal mechanism of the divergent thinking and humor, on the other hand, it can also promote the divergent thinking and humor more efficiently in practice level.

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    Affective Coherence and its Influence on Cognitive Processing
    Lei YAN BIN ZUO Yang WU
    2016, 39(6): 1379-1384. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF  

    In actual social life, people are sometimes unwilling to divulge their true feelings and would rather express opposite affective reactions, a situation in which the embodied affective reactions (affective-related body movement and facial expressions) is inconsistent with their affective evaluations. Examples may include “to force a smile” and “to be undemonstrative as to one’s delight and fury”. The term “affective coherence” refers to this coupling (i.e. consistency) of valence between individual’s embodied affective reactions (such as feelings or other bodily experiences, including approach vs. avoidance behaviors and expressions) and the affective evaluation. This consistency not only concerns whether people’s cognitive evaluation of their emotions is duly expressed in embodied reactions, but also whether these two components are contradictory in valence. Current studies on affective coherence typically employ experimental methods. To manipulate affective coherence entails the manipulation of the two components: the embodied affective reaction and the affective evaluation. Embodied affective reactions can be manipulated by inducing affective feelings (listening to music), performing the affective-related actions (operating near-avoidance actions) or forcing affective expressions (operating facial expressions), and the manipulation of affective evaluation typically employs scrambled sentences task or the subliminal priming task. According to the studies on affective suppression and affective certainty, the suppression of affective expression (affective-related behavior, facial expressions and body movements etc.) would reduce the efficiency of cognitive processing, which may, for example, cause poorer memory performance; in contrast, the agreement between affective feelings and affective belief, engendering affective certainty, may facilitate the cognitive processing, such as resulting in better grades in lexical classification task. On the other hand, studies on conceptual-motor coherence found that the consistency between body movements, such as head-nodding and approach-avoidance behaviors, and affective information can also affect one’s cognitive processing efficiency. Compared with the incoherence condition, a coherence condition may foster better performances in judging affective words and higher sensitivity to words. Based on this, Centerbar et al. (2008) proposed an affective coherence hypothesis, which posited that individuals would experience higher fluency and then have better performance if their embodied affective reactions correspond with their affective evaluations; conversely, individuals would encounter cognitive difficulty and consider themselves trapped in a problem situation inhibitory as to further cognitive processing if their embodied affective reactions collide with cognitive evaluations. This hypothesis has been empirically confirmed in areas as diverse as short-term memory, narrative construction, stereotype and persuasion, which shows that the affective coherence could exercise influences on people’s short-term memory capacity and the cognitive complexity involved in a narrative, and it also influences people’s perception and usage of novel information. However, hitherto tests of the hypothesis have only considered a restricted range of cognitive processes, and have not yet tested the hypothesis in areas such as creative problem-solving. In addition, the primary focus of the hypothesis is on the valence of the emotions while ignoring the potential influence of their arousal and dominance, the other two dimensions of the emotions. The future directions of this field: improving the hypothesis by investigating the unique function of affective coherence vs. incoherence and by integrating the other two dimensions of emotions; formulating a theoretical explanation for affective coherence by integrating the affective-as-information approach, the embodied cognition approach and the affective-as-cognitive-feedback account.

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    An ERP Study on the Time Course of Pictorial Novelty Processing
    2016, 39(6): 1333-1338. 
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    Novelty processing is a process that individuals perceive and recognize the novelty of given products or ideas. Many theories about creativity hold that novelty processing is one of the key factors in the structural and multiple studies of creativity and have found a significantly positive correlation between novelty processing and creativity. It is undeniable that novelty processing is useful for detecting creative information and facilitating highly creative performance. This process has gradually attracted researchers’ attention. Some researchers have also studied the neural correlates of this process in further. Researchers have previously investigated the neural correlates of the spatial dimension of novelty processing and identified brain activation patterns by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques. For instance, previous studies not only found that novelty processing was associated with object identification (fusiform cortex), working memory (prefrontal cortex), and spatial attention (parietal cortex) but also indicated that the left precuneus was associated with the integration of unusual features of novel objects, while the right visual cortex was sensitive to the detection of such features. However, due to the limitation of low temporal resolution, those brain imaging results were unable to depict the relationships between the cognitive activities involved in novelty processing. There is also an opening question about the temporal dynamics for our brain to realize the novel attribution of the picture stimulus. Does it begin with the perception? To overcome these shortages, the present study used event–related potentials (ERPs) to explore the temporal dimension of novel object processing by collecting the time course data of this process. The present study collected the time course data during the processing of novel pictures by Event–related potentials (ERPs) due to its excellent temporal resolution. Based on the findings of a previous study and the definition of novelty, whereby novelty was assumed to come from the combination of existing concepts or features, novel stimuli in this study were constructed by combining different features of existing non-novel objects (e.g., “the bird body has an elephant head”). At the same time, to ensure that novel objects could be processed effectively by individuals and that the experiment could encompass the entire process, we used a novelty telling and judging task, which not only required participants to perceive the stimuli but also asked them to judge whether the presented stimuli were novel, based on their own comprehension. Twenty-five junior undergraduates (12 male, 13 female, average age 20.7) participated as paid volunteers. The behavior results showed that participants spent more time evaluating the novel materials than they did on the non-novel ones. Scalp ERPs analysis revealed that although novel and non-novel picture were elicited anterior N190–340, their amplitudes have no significant differences in statistic which might suggest that individuals cannot distinguish those two types of stimuli at the early perception stage for object features recognition. However, novel image elicited a more positive ERP deflection than non-novel ones did between 400–600ms (P400–600) with right centro–parietal scalp distribution, which might reflect the process of representing the novelty in working memory and may suggest that processing the novel pictures could upload the capacity for work memory. Later, novel objects elicited a more positive ERP deflection (LPC) than non-novel ones did between 600 and 1000ms with right anterior–central scalp distribution, which might reflect the process for participants to classify the stimuli and prepare to response. Those results might suggest that processing novel pictures is more complex which happens after the early perception stage and involves object features integration, working memory encoding. The novelty processing shows the right lateralization of brain.

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    Temporal Expectancy Induced by Rhythms Is Resistant to Attention Control
    2016, 39(6): 1359-1365. 
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    Are temporal expectation created passively and purely unintentionally when we are exposed to rhythmic patterns? Previous studies using dual-task paradigm have found that temporal expectancy induced by regular auditory events sequence was resistant to working memory (WM) interference. However, the paces of the events sequence were fast in these studies. There may involve different processes between the range of sub-seconds and supra-seconds. Therefore, in the current study, we used dual-task paradigm to investigate whether participants could develop temporal expectancy driven by auditory isochronous rhythmic events sequence with slow rate paces, and further to test whether this effect could survive the interference of WM task with two different experiments. A total of 65 subjects participated in two experiments, with 31 in experiment one and 34 in experiment two. In both experiments, participants were told that the auditory sequences were irrelevant with tasks, and they just need to ignore them. In Experiment 1, auditory events in a sequence separated by a fixed (650ms regular condition) or jittered (350/650/950/1250/1550ms irregular condition) intervals. In single task condition, participants were required to finish a reaction time task, pressing button “B” to respond to auditory target (400Hz, 100ms) presented after a regular or an irregular sequence of auditory stimuli. In dual-task condition, participants had to concurrently finish a counting WM task. The WM task consisted of remembering how many times each color appeared during a block of trials. At the end of each block, participant should type how many times a certain color had been presented. Each color was selected randomly, with the same probability for the memory test. The three-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted on rhythm (regular vs. irregular sequence) and foreperiods, the intervals between the end of auditory sequence and onset of targets (650ms, 950ms, vs. 1250ms), as within-subjects factors, with task (single & dual-task) as between-subjects factors. The results revealed that participants responded faster after regular compared with irregular sequences. In addition, the interaction between rhythm and task was not significant, which meant that the temporal expectancy effect was not affected by WM task. However, auditory events sequence and targets were both presented in auditory modality in Experiment 1. Participants might notice the auditory events sequence more or less while they responded to targets, even though they were told to ignore the sequences. In order to draw attention away from auditory sequences as far as possible, we replaced auditory targets with visual targets in Experiment 2. The results from repeated ANOVA revealed that there was no a significant interact between rhythm and task. More specifically, dual-task did not affect temporal expectancy induced by rhythms, with faster RTs after regular than those after irregular sequences. The present study confirmed previous finding that temporal expectancy effect survived the interference of the WM task. Furthermore, our results extended this effect to vision modality. Taken together, our results suggested that rhythmic temporal expectation may involve bottom-up process and is independent of cognitive control process.

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    Subliminal presentation of the goal of emotion control affacts the attention allocation to fear stimuli
    2016, 39(6): 1339-1345. 
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    Over the past several years, there have been numerous demonstrations that people can engage in goal-directed, volitional behavior in the absence of conscious awareness. These demonstrations involve a wide variety of cognitive and social behaviors. Recently, automatic emotion regulation also becomes a new research field in emotion. Automatic emotion regulation, based on the automatic pursuit of the goal to alter the emotion trajectory, has far-reaching consequences for individuals’ emotions. The effect of automatic emotion regulation was documented by the changes of emotion perception and cardiovascular activities. However, little was known about the mechanism of automatic emotion regulation processing. As Gross’ process model of emotion regulation suggests attentional deployment is one of the critical emotion regulation strategies. It is also increasingly recognized that top-down settings, including the goals an individual holds, influence even early stages of the attentionaldeployment and cause attentional biases. The present study examined whether and how emotion regulation goal affected the attention allocation by adopting goal priming techniques. In the masked subliminal priming paradigm, a masking pattern was displayed for 100ms at the fixation point offset. Following the mask, a word as prime stimuli was shortly exposed for 20ms, followed by the same masking pattern as that exposed before the prime for 100ms. For the Experiment Group, the prime word was chosen from emotion control category. A dot-probe task then applied in both experiments after priming to detect personal attentonal deployment. In this task, two cue pictures, of which one was a fear-relevant picture and another one was a neutral picture, were presented for either 100ms ,500ms or 1250ms. Hereafter, the target (white dot) was presented. Participants had to indicate the location of the target. A trial ended after a response was registered and a following trial started 1000ms later. Mixed-factorial 2 (priming group: priming control words, priming regulation-unrelated words)×2(consistency: consistent, inconsistent)×3(presentation time:100ms, 500ms, 1250ms) ANOVAs were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the main effect of present time was significant F(2,102)=13.093,p<0.001, ηp2=0.204. The interaction of constency and priming group, constency and presentation time, constency and presentation time and priming group were significant (F(1,51)=6.935,p=0.011,ηp2=0.120; F(2,102)=4.329,p=0.016, ηp2=0.078; F(2,102)=3.373,p=0.038, ηp2=0.062). No other significant results were found (ps < .05). The simple effect analysis found that the group of primed emotion control goal showed an attentional avoidance of negative pictures at the 100ms and 500ms but not 1250ms after the picture presentation, indicating by longer RT in consistent trials ( the target was on the location of negative pictures) than in inconsistent trials(the target was on the location of neutral pictures) at 100ms and 500ms presentation time. However, the control group showed vigilance to snake pictures at 100ms after the picture presentation. In summary, the present results suggested that subliminal emotion regulation goal primes might affect attentional allocatoin. Automatic emotion regulation changed the emotion processing by prompting attention aviodence to the negatve stimuli.

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    The Impression Processing of Unfamiliar faces: Based on the Facial Characteristics Cues
    2016, 39(6): 1373-1378. 
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    We often form impressions on characteristics of others from single, static samples of their appearance. It was the very first thing we see when, or even before we meet them. And these impressions influence decisions that people make in a variety of important domains, such as mate choice, employment, pro-social behaviors and so on (Zebrowitz & Montepare, 2008). As an important cue to form impressions, faces usually bring rich social information (Zhang & Zhu, 2012). Both of the mainly two models of dual processing theories on impressions, continuum model and dual-process model, emphasized the role of social category and the specific individual information in impression processing (Fisk & Neuberg, 1990). And the face recognition model of Bruce and Young proposed that there were two routes to process facial characteristics, based on identity-nonspecific (include social category) or identity-specific information (Bruce &Young, 1986). Compared the theories of dual processing on impressions with face recognition model of Bruce and Young, it may suggest that processing of unknown impressions may rely on two kinds of facial information, the social category or similar characteristics and familiar faces characteristics. On the one hand, some researchers proposed that social category and stereotypes processing may be two separated processes. The social category actually is a cue to activate stereotypes (Zhang & Zuo, 2012). However, even face itself does not possess obvious characteristics of social category; individuals can also activate stereotypes based on similar social category characteristics (Zebrowitz & Montepare, 2008). On the other hand, people couldn’t directly get information from an unknown face to form impression. But the similarity between the face and familiar face could be a cue, which could help us to form consistent social evaluations and trait inference from the familiar face (Gawroski & Quinn, 2013; Verosky & Todorov, 2010, 2013). This activation of consistent social evaluations and trait inference is more than function of relational self, because it doesn’t only appear on our important persons. However, both two routes couldn’t explain that social category and stereotypes is a simultaneous or sequenced processing for the limitation of time reaction technique. Another question is the relationship between two routes is still unclear. Subsequently, the current research summarized factors of the impression processing based on unfamiliar faces, including the social category or similar social category characteristics, the similar characteristics to familiar faces, and observer factors. Finally, the current research proposed some questions still needed to be clarified. First, the face recognition model of Bruce and Young supposed that identity-nonspecific and identity-specific processing was paralleled, but recent researches showed that these processes might not be dissociable (Baudouin & Tiberghien, 2002). It suggested that the two routes of the first impressions on faces might be interacted with. Secondly, stages of the first impressions still have further studies to discuss, which may be solved by the event-related potential technique. Thirdly, observers’ factors have been ignored for a long time. Actually, personality is an important factor affecting social evaluations. For example, individuals who got high scores on openness and agreeableness hold on lager range of body size (Viren et al., 2013), which is significant to explain individual differences.

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    Effects of Self-assessed Ability and Driving Experience on Hazard Perception
    2016, 39(6): 1346-1352. 
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    The present study investigated the effects of self-assessed ability and driving experience on the ability to detect, evaluate and respond to hazards, namely, hazard perception. 86 participants took a video-based hazard perception task, using Tobbi T120 to record their eye movement. Before the experiment, participants first finished a self-reported scale and then they were divided into low ability and high ability group according to the mean score of their self-assessed ability in each driver group. A 2×2×2 mixed design was employed, with driving experience and self-assessed ability as the between-groups factors and hazard type as the within-groups factor. 18 traffic video clips, shooting from drivers’ perspective, were used and participants were asked to respond to overt hazard (visible) or covert hazard (partially invisible but urgent) quickly when they detected a potential one. Results showed there were no significant correlations between scores of drivers’ self-assessed ability and their response latency, indicating both novice and experienced drivers have bad insight into their hazard perception ability. Generally, experienced drivers reacted to overt hazards and covert hazards faster than novice drivers and self-assessed ability did affect drivers’ detection and reaction to hazards. Specifically, novice drivers, who rated their ability better, reacted to overt and covert hazards slower than their peers with low ability significantly. This suggests that novice drivers with high self-assessed ability may have a higher risk acceptance threshold, which has a negative effect on their hazard appraisal. Furthermore, no significant differences were found on hazard perception reaction time of experienced drivers with varying self-assessed ability. Eye movement data revealed that experienced drivers spent less time to detect hazards and fixated them longer than novice drivers. Compared with their peers with low ability, novice drivers with high self-assessed ability detected hazards slower and allocated less attention to them, which in turn reduced their safety margin in reaction time. This study suggests that self-assessed bias towards driving ability among different driver group should be reduced, at least properly measured, when it comes to hazard perception training and tests.

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    Facial Feedback and Micro-Expression Recognition
    2016, 39(6): 1353-1358. 
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    In situations in which individuals are motivated to conceal or repress their true emotions, their facial expressions may leak despite their efforts to conceal them. These leakages can be very useful for deception detection and many of these leakages are manifested in the form of micro-expressions. However, it is difficult for humans to accurately detect and recognize these micro-expressions. Studies have shown that facial feedback signals are effective cues in macro-expression recognition. Can facial feedback also be an effective signal in micro-expression recognition? In the present study, we investigated the effects of facial feedback on micro-expression recognition by conducting two behavioral experiments. In these two experiments, a restricting gel was applied to participants’ full face in order to enhance the facial feedback, whereas participants in the control condition had to apply the gel to their non-dominat inner arm. The pilot study showed that the gel manipulation can amplify facial feedback signals by perserving the initiation of muscual movements but increasing the resistance to these movements. In Exp 1, we investigated the effects of amplifying facial feedback on the recognition of intense micro-expressions. In this experiment, participants had to finish a micro-expression recognition task and a working memory task. In the micro-expression recognition task, micro-expressions (lasted for 50 ms, 150 ms, or 333ms) were sandwiched in between two 1s presentations of the same expresser’s neutral faces. In the working memory task, participants had to finish 16 modular arithmetic questions that have been shown to be highly sensitive to variations in working memory. In Exp 2, we investigated the effects of amplifying facial feedback on the recognition of subtle micro-expressions. The procedure of Experiment 2 was identical to the procedure of Exp 1, except that the facial stimulus of Exp 2 was very low in the intensity level of facial expressions. Results of the two micro-expression recognition tasks showed that, when the skin was made resistant to underlying muscle contractions via a restricting gel, the recognition accuracy of intense micro-expressions was unaffected, but the recognition accuracy was impaired for suble micro-expressions. The results of two working memory tasks showed that there were no significant differences in accuracy or reaction time between the facial feedback enhancement condition and the control condition, which excluded the possiblity that impairment in micro-expression recognition performance can be attributed to inadvertent effects of the facial feedback manipulation. These results indicate that facial feedback is a deleterious cue for micro-expression recognition. They also suggest that facial feedback mechanism needs a specific time window to be effective and dampening facial feedback may boost the micro-expression recognition accuracy.

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    The Effects of Probability and Ambiguity on the Myopic Loss Aversion
    2016, 39(6): 1366-1372. 
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    Myopic loss aversion is an important concept in behavioral economics, referring that more frequently investors evaluate its return on investment, more often they will change their investment decisions and less input in risky assets. Since it was put forward, researchers have been focusing on the evaluation period and investment horizon. A common feature of all the literature was that investment decisions were taken under risk, since individuals knew the probabilities of the tasks they were betting upon. However, it was almost impossible to know precisely the probabilities in real markets. Based on the contradiction, the present study discussed the influence of task probability on myopic loss aversion, including probability level and ambiguity. The assumptions of the present paper as follows: H1, task probability level had a remarkable influence on myopic loss aversion; H2, probability ambiguity also had a significant influence on myopic loss aversion.    Experiment 1 used a random sampling method, employing 69 undergraduate students from domestic university. Besides, the experimental process was presented on the computer monitor, and participants would make risk decision one by one independently before the computer screen in a quiet laboratory without distractions. The experiment 1 adopted a 2 (evaluation frequency: high vs. low) × 3 (probability level: high vs. medium vs. low) mixed design. In Experiment 2, the win probability was replaced by a letter “p” while the loss probability was replaced by “1-p”. The study expanded the experiment 1 findings with 2 (valuation frequency: high vs. low) × 2 (probability level: high vs. low) between-subject design. A total of 380 undergraduate students were recruited. The other processes were the same as experiment 1.    The results showed that both experiments did not find the main effects of evaluation frequency on myopic loss aversion (in experiment 1: F(1, 69)=1.067, p=0.305; in experiment 2: F(1, 330)=0.000, p=0.985), while the main effects of probability level were all remarkable (in experiment 1: F(2, 138)=60.306, p<0.01; in experiment 2: F(1, 330)=12.098, p<0.01). In experiment 1, the interaction effect of the valuation frequency and probability level was significant (F(2, 138)=4.122, p<0.05). The simple effect analysis found that myopic loss aversion only occurred in the medium loss probability task, while did not exist in both high and low loss probability task. Experiment 2 showed that the interaction effect of such two variables was also significant (F(1, 330)=10.253, p<0.01). The simple effect analysis found if the probability information was ambiguity, individuals would exhibit myopic loss aversion in the high loss probability task and reverse myopic loss aversion in the low loss probability task. Those results indicated that ambiguity could expand the influence of myopic loss aversion.    These results suggested that myopic loss aversion was not a common phenomenon in market. The influence of myopic loss aversion was dependent on the rates of financial asserts. Specifically, it only occurred in the medium loss probability. However, the influence of myopic loss aversion would expand when the probability was ambiguity, which suggested us gaining more information before decision-making to weaken the negative side of such influence.

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    Influence Factors and the Processing Mechanism of Pilots’ Risk Perception
    2016, 39(6): 1385-1390. 
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    Risk management is an essential skill for pilots in the modern aviation flight, due to the fact that the aviation flight is a high risky activity. By analyzing the similarity and difference between pilots' risk perception and drivers' risk perception, we summarized and discussed the mechanism of processing and affected factors, which would predict the possibility of the involvement of flight accidents and safety operation behaviors of the pilots in advance, thus the aviation risks would be prevented. This paper summarized the risk perception of pilots from two aspects. Firstly, the factors that influenced the risk perception of pilots were summarized. The pilots' risk perception was influenced by three aspects including the flight environment, the characteristics of pilots and the organizational culture. The flight environment consisted of the external environment and the aircraft.The characteristics of pilots included age, flight experiences, gender, attitudes and personality traits such as cognitive styles and control points. And the trend of pilots' risk perception demonstrated an "inverted U curve" with the increase of age and flight experiences. In addition, the safety culture of enterprises, the CRM and the information sharing and exchanging between the pilots and the ATCs also had impacts on pilots' risk perception. Secondly, we discussed the processing mechanism of the pilots' risk perception. The results indicated that the pilots' risk perception was a three-stage process which included risk identification, risk assessment and behavior tendency. Not only should a pilot identify the risk of the external environment about the flight situation and the malfunction of the aircraft itself, but also the pilot should assess correctly the risk value he recognizes from the external environment and the flight capacity of the pilot himself, and make preparations for the flight decision-making. However, pilots often confronted immediate risks from the dynamic flight environment, which would lead to the needs of updating and recognizing the risk stimulus information. Therefore, a combined pattern of the serial process and the parallel process was needed to handle the mechanism of risk perception of pilots. In the end, we concluded the deficiencies of these searches on processing mechanism and the affected factors of pilots' risk perception. First, age and the flight experiences were related to pilots' risk perception in "inverted U curve". However, we did not reach a general conclusion about the span range and the gradient of age and the flight experience. In the future study, researchers should investigate the subtle influence of experiences on pilots' risk perception whereby using the large data statistics and shortening the span range of age and the flight experience, thus a delicate diagram of the effect trend would be obtained. Second, in the future study, we should pay close attention to the influence of emotion on the pilots' risk perception. Especially in the positive emotion, pilots may have a high risk propensity and be inclined to fly from the visual meteorological conditions into the instrument meteorological conditions, which would result in the occurrence of the flight accidents. Finally, we do not get the empirical research conclusion about the pilots' risk perception model. In the future study, the processing mechanism of pilots' risk perception can be analyzed and understood further by making evidence-based researches, which provide the basis for the better risk management training.

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    The Impact of Online Reviews’ Quality and Quantity on Online Purchasing Intention: The Moderating Effect of Need for Cognition
    2016, 39(6): 1454-1459. 
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    By the end of June 2015, the number of Chinese online shopping users has reached 374 million, which makes up 40.7% of all the internet users. Online shopping has become one of the most popular activities online. The rapid development of online shopping market has also made the influencing factors of online shopping become the focus of researchers. Just like in real life, others’ comments play an important role in the decision-making process of online shopping. Relevant research have found that: all the comprehensive score, timeliness, quantity, quality and valence of online reviews, as well as the credibility of reviewer could affect individuals’ purchase decision online. As the most important attribute, the quantity and quality of online reviews get more attention. Though many studies have revealed that both of them had positive effect on purchase decision, there is still a dispute about the relative effect size. With the deepening of research, researchers are more and more inclined to think that the impact of online reviews on purchase decisions is essentially a process of processing and accepting the review information, and the Elaboration Likelihood model (ELM) is also applied to this field. This theory pointed out that attitude change may occur via two routes of influence: the central route and the peripheral route, and these two alternative routes differ in the amount of thoughtful processing of information or “elaboration” – the intensity of motivation and the ability to process the information. This theory explains why people will be differently affected when they are facing the same information. Based on this theory, studies have found that the product category and involvement affected purchase intention through different information processing motivations and routes, and they could moderate the impact of online reviews on product sales. And need for cognition is an important reflection of individuals’ different information processing motivation. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the impact of online reviews’ quality and quantity on online purchasing intention and its mechanism under the perspective of ELM. A between-group experimental design of 2 (quality of online reviews: high vs. low) × 2 (quantity of online reviews: more vs. less) × 2 (level of need for cognition: high vs. low) was adapted. To guarantee the ecological validity, the reviews were first selected from a real shopping website, and then were evaluated to select out the reviews of high and low quality; as to the quantity of reviews, there were 12 for more quantity group and 2 for less quantity group; and participants were categorized as high or low in need for cognition via a median split. A total of 320 undergraduate students participated in the online experiment. The results showed a significant main effect of review quality and a significant main effect of review quantity. Also, the results showed a significant review quality × need for cognition interaction and a significant quantity × need for cognition interaction. Further simple main effect test showed that individuals with high need for cognition would be affect by the quality of the online reviews, while individuals with low need for cognition would be affected by the quantity of online reviews. This study deepened the research on online reviews’ impact on purchasing decision.

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    Secondary Transfer Effect of Intergroup Contact
    Cheng-Hai GAO
    2016, 39(6): 1479-1484. 
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    Theory of intergroup contact is one of the most influential theories in social psychology, it has been widely used to practice to reduce prejudice. Contact hypothesis has been confirmed by a large number of empirical researches, it is suitable for different social situations and communities. Secondary transfer effect refers to the positive effects of intergroup contact from direct contact with outgroup to another outgroup not involved in the contact. STE of intergroup contact not only exists in direct contact, also exists in indirect contact, including the extended contact and imaginative contact. With the constant improvement of intergroup contact theory, foreign researchers began to explore the psychological mechanism of secondary transfer effect, discovered the secondary transfer effect produced by some intermediary variables, and influenced the effect of the size of the moderation variables. Through literature analyzed, STE effect not only had individual level factors (social identity complexity), and group level variables (intergroup empathy and intergroup anxiety), and there were aspects of the social environment variable (multiculturalism), including intergroup empathy and intergroup anxiety, it was intergroup interaction of emotional factors to directly affect the STE. In addition, , primary groups influenced STE attitude itself (attitude generalization). Discussed the intervening variable STE could better understand the mechanism of its role in the group attitude. Moderation variable is affecting the relationship between independent variable and dependent variable size or direction of the positive and negative factors found to adjust variables, at the time of practice intervention, will be changed to adjust the size of variables, to influence the size of the relationship between independent variable and dependent variable or direction, realize the intervention effect of optimization. From the point of view of the current research progress, moderation variables of the secondary transfer effect mainly included individual factors and community factors, namely the individual holding group status、social dominance orientation、group similarity, and so on. Future studies should be comprehensive transection and longitudinal research design, such as survey methods and experimental methods. To measure the intergroup contact and group attitude from multiple dimensions in the primary group contact measurement, not only considering the quality and quantity, contact and subjective topic should be used as a supplement of intergroup contact test, could better reflect the extent to which individuals and groups outside the contact. Using different attitude scale attitude measured outside the primary group and secondary group respectively. To explore the mediation and moderation mechanism of STE, it is necessary in a pluralistic society background of developing cross-cultural research and expanding the category of the secondary outside groups and providing scientific theory basis for improving intergroup relationships. In sum, STE of intergroup contact was widespread, and played an important role in the development of intergroup relations. Based on mediation and moderation mechanism in the STE, the psychological mechanism of STE provided a new approach to improve intergroup relations.

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    The Self-Regulatory Strategies of Moral Dissonance
    Jue WANG Ming-Zheng Wu
    2016, 39(6): 1473-1478. 
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    When individuals or their ingroup members engage in immoral behaviors, they will face a situation of moral dissonance, for immoral behavior damaging people’s moral self-image and making people experience negative moral emotions, such as guilt and shame. To maintain a positive self-image, people are motivated to reduce moral dissonance via a series of moral self-regulatory strategies before and after their engaging in immoral behaviors. In the moral decision stage before one committing an immoral behavior, moral dissonance resulting from the anticipated threat to the moral self may be lessened through moral licensing. In one way, individuals may have obtained enough moral credits from past moral behaviors like bank credits in real life, with which the threat to moral self from the coming immoral behavior was thus offset (moral credits model). In a second way, individuals may have already established a credential of their morality in the past, to which extent the subsequent immoral behavior would not be deemed to an immoral thing (moral credentials model). After engaging in an immoral behavior, in the behavior evaluation stage and the responsibility attribution stage, two possible self-regulatory strategies might be used. On the one hand, motivated forgetting of moral rules as a motivational self-regulatory strategy helps people avoid awareness of moral significance of immoral behavior. Without moral awareness, individuals refrain from involving in a moral evaluation and thus a moral dissonance. On the other hand, other cognitive strategies including moral shifting, and amoralization and moral disengagement may help people rationalize their immoral behaviors. Specifically, individuals may shift the moral evaluation from one foundation to another, on which an immoral event would have an acceptable interpretation and thus the actor become pardonable. Also in a similar way, individuals may shift the standards of their salient moral foundation without changing it, and the norm-violating behavior uncritical with a least cost. Moreover, individuals may also shift the moral evaluation from a moral foundation to an amoral foundation, which leading to morality unrelated to and uninvolved in the subsequent evaluation. Furthermore, individuals may also engage in moral compensation or moral cleansing. Individuals seek some moral or prosocial behaviors to reaffirm their moral self-images and thus to resolve the potential moral dissonance. Since there exist an metaphor between bodily purity and moral purity, individuals may be involved in some abstract behaviors to the feeling of immorality, such as having a bath, brushing teeth, and washing hands, etc. While in a different and particular way, Chinese people may prefer to a psychological self-defense mechanism as a solution to moral dissonance. In particular, Chinese individuals are inclined to covering behaviors to conceal their moral qualms and to avoid losing faces the public. The flexibility and the long-term negative effect of these moral self-regulatory strategies, especially which how small mistakes pave the way for large future immoral behaviors, were discussed. And future research directions, such as cross-cultural differences of these moral self-regulatory strategies, the role of ingroup characteristics played in these self-regulatory processes, and new researching methods to moral self-regulatory processes, were also discussed.

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    Interpersonal Self-support Traits Predicting Interpersonal Trust Among Undergraduate Students: Beyond the Effects of Big Five Personality
    2016, 39(6): 1441-1447. 
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    Interpersonal trust is very important for our daily-life and interpersonal communication. However, we are confronted with trust crisis recently. Thus, it is worth to exploring the predicting factors with respect to interpersonal trust. Personality traits are regarded as the important factors with respect to interpersonal trust. Especially, interpersonal personality traits such as agreeableness seem to be more closely associated with interpersonal trust. Firstly, the present study wants to explore the relationship between a new interpersonal personality construct—interpersonal self-support traits and interpersonal trust. Although interpersonal self-support shares some common components with pre-existing personality theories such as big five personality, interpersonal self-support also has some unique factors beyond known personality traits. Furthermore, interpersonal self-support has some unique effects on individuals’ psychological and behavioral responses beyond known personality traits. Based on these, our first hypothesis is that five interpersonal self-support traits of interpersonal independence, interpersonal initiative, interpersonal responsibility, interpersonal flexibility, interpersonal openness are associated with interpersonal trust. And even after controlling big five personality traits, some interpersonal self-support traits such as interpersonal responsibility still predict dispositional interpersonal trust and interpersonal trust response. Secondly, the present study explores the relational model with respect to interpersonal self-support traits, dispositional interpersonal trust, and interpersonal trust response. Our second hypothesis is that dispositional interpersonal trust plays a mediating role in the relationship between interpersonal self-support traits and interpersonal trust responses, and the cognitive responses of trust mediate the relationship between interpersonal self-support traits and behavioral responses of trust. Furthermore, dispositional interpersonal trust and cognitive responses of interpersonal trust play serial mediator role of interpersonal self-support traits on behavioral responses of interpersonal trust. In order to test these hypotheses,a set of questionnaires including Interpersonal Self-Support Scale for Undergraduate Students, Interpersonal Trust Scale, NEO Five-Factor Inventory were administrated to 1345 undergraduate students in 6 universities by the trained research assistants. In addition, a scenario story with regard to interpersonal trust was also presented to the participants and these participants were asked to answer their responses to the hypothesized trust situation on a prepared list. Results from the correlation and path analysis via structural equation modeling analyses showed that: (1) Interpersonal independence, interpersonal initiative, interpersonal responsibility, interpersonal flexibility, and interpersonal openness were positively associated with dispositional interpersonal trust, behavioral and cognitive response of interpersonal trust. (2) After statistically controlling for big five personality, interpersonal openness still predicted dispositional interpersonal trust; interpersonal responsibility still predicted behavioral and cognitive responses of interpersonal trust.(3) Interpersonal openness indirectly predicted cognitive responses of interpersonal trust through the mediating effect of dispositional interpersonal trust; in addition, it indirectly predicted behavioral responses of interpersonal trust through the mediating effect of dispositional interpersonal trust and cognitive responses of interpersonal trust. These results supported the ideas that interpersonal self-support traits are closely associated with interpersonal trust, and interpersonal self-support traits have some specific effects on dispositional interpersonal trust and interpersonal trust responses beyond big five personality. Thus these interpersonal self-support traits might be new trust-related traits. In addition, the hypothesized dispositional interpersonal trust mediation model with respect to the relationship between interpersonal self-support traits and trust responses, and the expected serial mediation model of interpersonal self-support traits on behavioral responses of interpersonal trust were partly supported.

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    Dimension Compensation of In-group Stereotype Content
    2016, 39(6): 1460-1465. 
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    Many researches caught sight of the relationship between warmth and competence of stereotype content model. Their negative relationship comes from a comparative context of two social targets with the hypothesis that stereotype is stable. Few theories give exact explanations for this, while a dynamic compensation of one group target may be exist, so this article aims to explore that in-group members may change stereotype content judgements from the state of favoritism into compensation. Undergraduates of different majors were recruited from a university in Tianjin. Control group had 128 participants (53 males, 68 females, 17 who did not indicate gender; mean age = 20.1, SD = 2.17), they completed paper-and-pencil version of the questionnaire of stereotype content about undergraduates. Another 428 participants of experiment group (176 males, 237 females, 15 who did not indicate gender; mean age = 20.0, SD = 2.02) had to follow the procedure of serial reproduction method firstly. Experiment group participants were divided into three groups by different stereotype-inconsistent information assigned randomly. Three short essays were made up of and contained negative judgements about either undergraduates’ competence, sociability or morality respectively. Serial reproduction method is that the first participant of each chain read the original stimulus twice at their own pace. After a distractive task for 5 minutes-drawing a floor plan of their own house, Participants were asked to recall the essay as much as possible without a deadline. Their reproductions were typed verbatim and printed for subsequent participants, who repeated all the tasks later. Each reproduction chain contains four participants. There were 37 chains with negative competence information, 36 chains with negative sociability information and 34 chains with negative morality information. There was none significant difference among the means of control group’s three dimensions scores (competence M = 3.57, sociability M = 3.50, morality M = 3.45, F (2, 254) = 1.45, p = .236). This fitted the hypothesis of in-group favoritism. But the experiment groups showed two kinds of compensation through independent-samples t test. As predicted, participants strongly endorsed undergraduates with much less competence (M = 3.36), and more sociability (M = 3.70), but morality kept the same level after reading competence inconsistent information. It showed a compensation between competence and sociability. When participants were simulated by negative morality information, the compensation was less morality (M = 3.19) and more sociability (M = 3.71), but equal competence (M = 3.63). Another kind of compensation came from the sequence of negative sociability information that only the score of competence became higher. At most positions of the reproduction chain, the above-mentioned compensation almost made the difference among the three dimensions. But they disappeared along the reproduction chain gradually with none significant difference among the positions or the quantities of reproductive issues. These results partly supported the hypotheses that compensation could come from in-group by a dynamic way and the stereotype is not always stable. This result retained the meaning of comparative effect along the time line, not for two targets, but only one group at two different stations with stimulus or not. Meanwhile, the system justification theory could also support the compensation by offering a reasonable knowledge about the unbalance in stereotype content. But the mechanism of the in-group compensation is still unclear, perhaps it contains two steps, unbalance state after comparing first and making up then. So it will be very useful to figure out the progress of compensation. Finally, the difference between sociability and morality is so obvious that it’s not reasonable to combine them as warmth.

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    Employee Silence: The Cross-level Interaction Effects between Leader Power Distance Orientation and Employee Regulatory Focus
    2016, 39(6): 1426-1433. 
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    During day-to-day activities in organizations, employees of all types and levels may confront problems associated with their work and find out ways to improve organization. For a variety of reasons, most employees choose to withhold potentially useful ideas and suggestions. While employee silence behavior may exert a number of negative impacts, it has not yet been widely concerned. Especially, limited research has examined the impact of the interplay between leader and employee factors on silence behavior. Drawing on the social information processing perspective (Salancik & Pfeffer, 1978) and regulatory focus theory (Higgins, 1997), the current study examined how leader and employee factors interact to affect employee silence behavior. Chinese versions of established English scales were used for this study. These measures were created following Brislin’s (1980) translation-back-translation procedure to ensure that content was parallel. Data were collected from full-time employees from work groups in Beijing. The data collection process resulted in survey data from 447 employees nested in 82 groups from a variety of industries. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM; Raudenbush & Bryk, 2002) was applied to test the hypotheses. We first examined the cross-level relation of leader power distance orientation with employee silence, and how this relationship was mediated by voice utility and psychological safety. In addition, we tested the moderating effects of regulatory focus on the indirect effects between leader power distance orientation and employee silence using moderated path analysis (Edwards & Lambert, 2007). Consistent with our hypotheses, results indicated that: (1) Leader power distance orientation and group members’ silence behavior were positively related. This relationship was fully mediated by employee voice utility and partially mediated by psychological safety. In addition, the mediation effect of psychological safety became nonsignificant after controlling for voice utility. (2) Employee regulatory focus moderated the indirect effects of leader power distance orientation on employee silence. Specifically, promotion focus accentuated the indirect path of “leader power distance orientation?voice utility?employee silence”, such that this indirect effect was stronger for employees with high versus low promotion focus. Moreover, prevention focus attenuated the indirect path of “leader power distance orientation?psychological safety?employee silence”, such that this indirect effect was stronger for employees with low versus high prevention focus. The current study offers three theoretical contributions: First, we discussed why employees intentionally withhold information by considering both leader and employee factors, and tested hypotheses in a cross-level moderated mediation model. Second, in response to recent appeal of cultural value scholars, we explored the main effect rather than moderating effect of power distance orientation. Last, we extended the theoretical landscape of the employee silence literature by merging it with regulatory focus theory (Higgins, 1997). Moreover, this study also has managerial implications for leader and employee selections, providing new practical perspectives to reduce employee silence.

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    Effects of Communion and Agency on Realistic Threat Perception
    Ge ZHENG Yu-Fang ZHAO
    2016, 39(6): 1434-1440. 
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    The current research focuses on the effects of two fundamental dimensions, agency and communion, on realistic threat perception. Agency and communion play important roles in social perception and judgment. Previous researches found out that communion is priority over agency in individual perception. In group perception, studies also showed that communion trait has influence on the global evaluation of out-group rather than agency trait. However, there are inconsistent results showing that agency has main effect on out-group perception either. Furthermore, the perception process of individual and group are different. Group perception bases on memory and makes judgment depending on the information from memory just when it is needed. Realistic threat is a significant part of out-group perception, and people would perceive it when their out-group may occupy more resources or hurt their bodies. Realistic threat perception is related to communion trait. The Stereotype Content Model supposes that judging whether one’s intension is good is crucial to avoid harm. To some degree, out-group’s agency trait is also important to realistic threat. High agency trait can predict higher career success and social status, and high status groups are more likely to trigger the realistic threat of out-group. In light of these considerations, our main hypothesis is that communion and agency are both important in the perception of realistic threat. Research 1 recruited 355 participants ranged in different occupations and ages. Participants completed a survey in which they evaluated agency, communion and realistic threat of 19 natural groups differing in social hierarchy. Group and individual level analysis get the same result that communion and agency can both predict realistic threat (individual: β communion=--.250, SE communion=.032, t communion=-7.737, p<.001; β agency= .141, SE agency=.032, t agency=5.493, p< .001, group: b communion=-.455, t communion(16)= -3.283, p< .01; b agency=.285, t agency(16)=2.613, p< .05). Communion negatively predicted realistic threat while agency positively predicted it. Research 2 used Minimail-Group paradigm to avoid the impact of social background and a total number of 87 undergraduates and graduates took part in it. We manipulated the agency and communion information to explore the influence of out-group traits on realistic threat perception in a 2(agency: high\low)×2(communion: high\low) between-subject design. First, participants were assigned to two different groups randomly and completed a personality questionnaire. Then they were informed the results would be calculated and during this time they should finish a diet memory task. After showing each group the result of the other group (4 conditions), we let them ascribe out-group’s traits as manipulation check and measured their realistic threat perception. The results also showed that both agency and communion have significant main effect (Fagency (1,83) = 8.646,p< .01,η2=.094;Fcommunion (1,83) = 8.765,p< .01,η2=.096), when agency of out-group was high or its communion traits was low, in-group members perceived more realistic threat. Our present two researches demonstrate that the communion and agency traits of out-group both have important effects on realistic threat perception no matter in social groups or experimental groups condition. Previous researches mostly focused on the effect of communion trait on intergroup perception yet lost sight of agency trait. We emphasize the influence of both traits on realistic threat perception can make the research of two fundamental dimensions of group perception more integrity. However, how these two fundamental dimensions of social cognition affect different facets of group perception and evaluation still needs further exploration.

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    Catalyst Model:Does Media Violence Really Predict Societal Violence?
    2016, 39(6): 1485-1491. 
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    In the past half century, whether media violence has a deleterious influence on the development of children and adolescent that is hotly debated both in the general public and scientific community. In this research area, the social cognitive model, especially The General Aggressive Model, has been occupying a dominant position. The General Aggressive Model that claimed a causal relationship between media violence and societal violence was well known in the academic circles of our country. Diametrically, Ferguson proposed the Catalyst Model in 2008, which interacted genetic and environmental factors (i.e., family violence and media violence exposure), sparked a heated debate again. Ferguson believed the causal relationship between media violence and societal violence was null. And therefore, media violence was a stylistic catalyst rather than a trigger for the delinquency of children and adolescent. According to this model, the development of a violence-prone personality occurs through a largely biological pathway in which genetic predisposition (particularly in males) leads directly to an aggressive child temperament and aggressive adult personality through maturation. In this light, it seemed that environmental factors moderate the causal influence of biology. From this way, we could know that individuals who have an aggressive personality are more likely to engage in violent behavior during times of environmental strain. And such environmental strains could include financial and social problems caused by divorce, legal troubles, and other similar events. Thus, an individual may model violent behaviors he has witnessed in a video game, but had that video game been removed from that individual’s sphere of modeling opportunities, the violence would still occur in another form. That is to say video game violence does not cause violent behavior but may have an impact on its form. Therefore, this article firstly introduced the theoretical perspective from the origins to the present stage, and then showed some empirical evidences of Catalyst Model, divided into three categories: experimental studies, longitudinal studies and meta-analyses. Secondly, with the emergence of more and more new proofs, we stated several doubts about GAM, including publication bias, moral panic and some methodological problems in this research field. Ferguson supposed that the causal relationship between media violence and aggressive behavior was because of the large sample rather than veritable effect. And the measurement of aggressive behavior has long been a contentious issue, which was difficult to standardize. Furthermore, researchers who supported GAM would ignore the third variable which might influence the aggressive behavior, thus overestimated the influence of media violence. Finally we summarized the current research problems and the directions in future. For example, hypodermic needle approach was the main paradigm of media violence on behaviors, however we need to develop some new paradigms of research. From the perspective of differential susceptibility model, children have differential susceptibility to environments’ influence. Some children because of their susceptible factors are more vulnerable that others to the negative effects of media violence, we need to explore how these factors moderated the effects of media violence on the children’s cognition, emotion and behavior. In addition, we need pay attention that media violence is also a very complicated social problem. The conclusion of causal relationship between media violence and social violence should be more cautious which would affect the public policy. Anyway, whether media violence was the culprit or merely a catalyst in social violence, still need to be further confirmed.

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    The Reward of Being Honest: The Antecedent and Outcome of Employees' Admitting Errors
    2016, 39(6): 1448-1453. 
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    Making errors or not being able to finish tasks on time is not a rare phenomenon in organizations, especially under the increasing fierce competition and high pressure to finish tasks in a relatively short time. Yet due to motivation of building good image to the supervisors (Leary & Kowalski, 1990), employees are less likely to proactively admit their errors. However, based on the self-cognition theory (Bandura, 1977), it proposed that those with high self-confidence can admit errors. Moreover, this study attempted to explore whether employees’ admitting errors can have detrimental effect of leaders’ evaluation. Overall, this study developed a model that integrates the antecedent as employees' self-efficacy and the outcomes as leaders' evaluation of employees' task and counterproductive behaviors. To examine the causal effect, this study collected data in 2 waves. In time 1, it collected employees’ demographic variables and employees’ self-efficacy; in time 2, it collected employees’ evaluation of their admitting errors behaviors. Also, in time 2, the supervisors were asked to evaluate their subordinates’ performance as task performance and counterproductive behaviors. In short, in time 1, it gained 761 samples, while in time 2, 675 employees and their direct supervisors responded the questionnaire, with a response rate of 89%. In the sample, every 1 leader needs to evaluate 11 employees. To rule out leaders’ impact in evaluating employees’ performance, this study adopted sandwiches estimator from Liu et al.’s (2015) study and used Mplus 6.0 to do the analysis. Results revealed that 1) employees' self-efficacy was positively related to admitting error behaviors (β = .10, p < .05); 2) employees' admitting errors had non-significant relationship with leaders' evaluation of employees' task performance (β = .08, n.s.), but was negatively related to leaders' evaluation of employees' counterproductive behaviors (β = -.19, p < .05). These results demonstrated that admitting errors is not that detrimental to leaders' evaluation of employees' performance, in fact, admitting errors can help to reduce leaders’ evaluation of individuals’ deviant behaviors. This study has both theoretical and practical implications. For the theoretical implications, it figured out the importance of employees’ proactively admitting error behaviors in organizations and illustrated the self-efficacy in influencing employees’ such behaviors; moreover, it depicted that leaders’ evaluations on employees are based more on the information they get rather than just rely on their impressions towards employees, which extends prior studies that put more emphasis on leaders’ impression-based evaluation. In addition, it is also an attempt to explore employees’ moral decisions facing the pro-self vs. pro-organization long-term benefits. For the practical implications, it offered some insights for leaders and employees. Specifically, when behaving in the organizations, employees should make their decisions based on the organizations’ overall benefits, which means sometimes to sacrifice their own interests. Such devotions would be recognized by the leaders, if not being repaid. Moreover, leaders should behave justice and reliable when evaluate employees’ performance, and should rely on facts and information rather than solely on impression. In terms of future studies, it suggested that further studies can explore other antecedents as employees’ conscientiousness, learning goal orientation, integrity, leadership style, organizational learning climate etc. as well as other outcomes like coworkers’ evaluations, the customers’ evaluation, to enrich the studies on employees’ proactively admitting errors in organizations.

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    Dynamic Research of Mental Health of Pilots exposed to Aviation Accident
    2016, 39(6): 1514-1518. 
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    【Abstract】 Objective Most studies indicate that the aviation accident frequently produce traumatic stress reactions in pilots. However, few study focus on the mental health state of pilots who exposed to an aviation accident when they service in the same army. To understand the characteristics and variation of the mental health state of pilots who exposed to an aviation accident, and provide key information for the pilots’ crisis intervention after the aviation accident, an investigation on the psychological factors was conducted in pilots who exposed to an aviation accident. Methods In this study, we investigated 78 pilots who in the unit exposed to the aviation accident by using the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) after the aviation accident for 3 days, 15 days, 2 months and 6 months, respectively. 72 pilots who in the same unit have not exposed to the aviation accident were regarded as the control. All the evaluation has conduced at the same time. Results The pilots had acute mental stress reactions after the aviation accident. At first, the main symptom of the pilots was somatization, later it was negative emotions such as anxiety and depression. The results also showed their suffering levels to be higher than those in control group and the total score, total mean score, positive items number, positive symptom score, ten factors and each factor score of SCL-90 in pilots who suffer the aviation accident were significantly higher than those in the control group after the aviation accident for 3 days and 15 days, respectively (P<0.05, P<0.01 or P<0.001). The mental health state of the pilots returned to normal after 6 months from the accident. Few of the pilots had a strong and lasting emotional reaction. Psychological health state of pilots exposed to the aviation accident is not optimistic immediately after the accident. They have higher score of interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, paranoid ideation than the control group after 2 months. All the factors have no significantly change between the pilots exposed to the aviation accident and the control group, except for the positive symptom score of the pilots exposed to the aviation accident was higher than the control group. 19 pilots’ total score of SCL-90 was higher than 160 (24.4%), while 12 pilots’ total score of SCL-90 was higher than 178 (15.4%). Conclusions The psychological crisis intervention should be implemented after an aviation accident. To help them better relieve psychological pressure and decrease psychological problems after the aviation accident, at the beginning, we should pay attention to the group intervention. Later, we should pay more attention to the pilots who have serious emotional reaction and track counseling to them to eliminate or reduce the mental health stress reaction after an aviation accident. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies involving pilots who servicing in the army. The results clearly show the dynamic processes of change in mental health state of pilots after they exposed to an aviation accident.

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    The Influence of Mindfulness Training Level on Emotional Processing
    2016, 39(6): 1519-1524. 
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    Mindfulness is typically defined as nonjudgmental attention to experiences in the present moment. Mindfulness includes two components: the first component is the regulation of attention to maintain it on the immediate experience and the second component involves approaching one’s experiences with curiosity, openness, and acceptance. A large body of research has documented the efficacy of mindfulness training in the treatment of clinical disorders, including anxiety, depression, substance abuse, eating disorders, and chronic pain. Until recently, not only has mindfulness training successfully been used in the treatment of disorders but it has also been shown to produce positive effects on psychological well-being and to improve the emotional regulation ability. Thus, it has been showed largely that mindfulness training influenced emotional processing. The scientific study of mindfulness has viewed mindfulness as an attentional state which can be fostered through training. Mindfulness training research entails training mindfulness na?ve participants to adopt a mindful attentional stance (3 minutes to 1 hour) while completing emotion tasks, or examining how brief (4 days to 10-weeks) mindfulness training or long (1 year longer) mindfulness training impacts emotional processing. Thus, the article systematically reviewed the moderating effect of mindfulness training on emotional processing, from the training level (including temporary mindfulness training, short mindfulness training, and long mindfulness training) perspectives. In the article, we first investigated the relationship of temporary mindfulness training and emotional processing. Second, we examined the relationship of short mindfulness training and emotional processing. Third, we exploited the relationship of long mindfulness training and emotional processing. Finally, we raised some questions which need to be done in the future. Mindfulness training research can be categorized by participants’ level of mindfulness training: temporary mindfulness training, short mindfulness training, and long mindfulness training. A lot of research showed that mindfulness training improved individual emotion regulation, and then increased individual subjective well-being and the quality of life. First, studies of Temporary mindfulness using meditation na?ve participants instruct participants with no previous mindfulness training to adopt a mindful attentional stance. Research showed that temporary mindfulness training was associated with greater widespread prefrontal cortical activation (especially left prefrontal cortex), and reduced amygdala activity, which then influenced emotional processing. Thus, temporary mindfulness training is an effective method of emotion regulation. In contrast, short mindfulness training increased individual mindfulness consciousness, and improved individual emotional regulation. From the neural research, short mindfulness training increased the activation in the attention-related cortical regions and the left prefrontal cortex, and reduced amygdala activity. For long mindfulness training, as the training time increased, long mindfulness training increased mindfulness consciousness, and improved individual emotional regulation. Especially, long training of Open monitoring meditation could better facilitate emotional processing. In conclusion, individuals can improve individual emotional regulation, and then increase individual subjective well-being and the quality of life through mindfulness training, and mindfulness training has been proved to have significant effects on the interventions for psychological and physical disorders. Future studies should focus on the relationship between mindfulness training and dispositional mindfulness, investigate how mindfulness training types and mindfulness training time contribute to emotional processing, and further clarify the relationship between mindfulness meditation training relates to brain lateralization.

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    Preference of Medicine Colors among Patients
    2016, 39(6): 1508-1513. 
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    This research compares the differences between general color preference and that of pills among patients. The attitude of the patients towards the color of pills, and the influence of administration time are also explored. The participants were 699 adults (352 female, 347 male) who were selected randomly from the patients in a hospital. The age of the participants ranges from 18 to 66 and the mean age is 43.25±12.11. The questionnaire used in the survey included three parts. The first part was for demographic information and medical history. The second parts asked the participants to score their general color preferences on an 11-point scale. The third part asked them whether the medicine color was necessary, their specific attitude on a 5 point scale (e.g. “How much do you think the medicine should be colored?”), and their preference of 24 colored pills on a 11 point scale (including 4 aspects: “how much do you like it?” “what do you think about the effect?”, “what do you think about the safety?”, “what do you think about the taste”). It is found that the general color preference of the patients is as same as that of other population investigated by previous studies. The exact order is still blue(5.48±3.07), red(5.29±2.99), green(5.27±2.96), violet(5.02±3.01), and yellow(4.74±3.06). But in terms of the color of pills, the order changes. The sequence of pill colors preference is white(7.43±2.05), violet(7.25±2.01), red(6.98±2.15), blue(6.42±2.45), yellow(6.41±2.41), green(6.25±2.55), and black(2.42±1.98). Participants also prefer lighter colors of pills when the hue remains, considering them as more effective, safer and better in taste. Furthermore, 3 levels of luminance were set for the color red and yellow. The pills are more preferred as the color becoming lighter. The participants also agree that medicine should be colorful, and different medicine should have different colors. They report that the color of medicine can help them to distinguish different kinds of medicine, remember the time and amount of medicine they should take, and improve their emotions while taking medicine. Specifically, distinguishing different kinds of medicine gets the highest scores, indicating that this function of medicine colors is most important. Administration time is a factor of this preference. The patients who have taken medicine for a longer time agree more that the medicine should be colored, compared with the new patients. The longer patients take medicine, the eager of them for this function, especially when the administrator time is longer than half a year. There is no significant interaction effect between administration time and the preference order of pills color, showing that this order of preference is not affected by administration time. These results support the ecological valence theory of color preference. People do not like blue medicine because it might be toxic as a special kind of food one eats. Violet is preferred for making the medicine seemed more expensive and relieving the anxiety of patients. Light colors are more popular for both general colors and medicine colors. Higher luminance would promote emotional experiences, and deep colors might indicate the metamorphism of the medicine. These findings are also of important practicability. Colors can help the patients to manage their medical behavior and avoid accidents, especially for the long time taker. Other factors for the color preference of pills and the psychological effect of medicine color are the directions for future research.

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    The Relationship between Middle School Students’ Psychological Suzhi and Peer Relationship:the Mediating Role of Self-esteem
    2016, 39(6): 1290-1295. 
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    Abstract This study aims to explore the relationship between psychological suzhi, self-esteem and peer relationship in middle school students,and the mediating effect of self-esteem on the relations between middle school students’ psychological sushi and peer relationship. The relationship between mental health and psychological suzhi is just like that between “surface and essence”, the psychological suzhi directly affects the level of mental health. Interpersonal relations is one of the standards of mental health, peer relationship is an important part of interpersonal relations, peer relationship is also one of the standards of mental health. Self-esteem is one of the standards of mental health too, and there is close relationship between self-esteem and interpersonal relations,self-esteem can effectively predict interpersonal relations. Then, there is direct evidence to show that self-esteem also effectively predicted peer relationship. The study about the relationship between psychological suzhi,self-esteem and peer relationship was not reported. So, we have three hypotheses.(1) Psychological suzhi could positively predict self-esteem and peer relationship (2) Self-esteem could positively predicts peer relationship (3) Self-esteem could mediate the relationship between psychological suzhi and peer relationship. Adopting a questionnaire survey method, a total of 938 middle school students (mean age = 14.8 years) from 2 schools of Chengdu city were randomly selected to take part in this study. All subjects were tested anonymously in the process. the questionnaire of middle school students’ psychological sushi scale(simplified version), the questionnaire of Rosenberg self-esteem scale and other-reported peer relationship have been acquired. In our study, middle school students' psychological suzhi questionnaire (simplified version) and self-esteem scale using self-reported to answer, peer relationship was measured by the way of other-reported. Given our research adopted two different methods, included self-reported and other-reported, the common method biases could be ignored. The research from the perspective of psychological suzhi, explores its influence on peer relationship, and use other-reported method to measure the peer relationship ,and they are also the innovation of this study. Results were as follows:(1)There were gender and schooling stage differences in peer relationship.Girls' peer relationship was significantly better than that of boys(t=-2.61, p<.01),Senior high school students' peer relationship was significantly better than that of junior high school students(t=-14.11,p<.001).(2)Middle school students’ psychological suzhi was positively correlated with self-esteem(r=.66,p<.001) and peer relationship(r=.20,p<.001), (3)Self-esteem was positively correlated with peer relationship (r=.18,p<.001).(4)Self-esteem could mediate the relationship between psychological suzhi and peer relationship,the mediating effect accounted for 27.7% of the total effect. First, we discussed gender and schooling stage differences in peer relationship. Girls' peer relationship was significantly better than that of boys and senior high school students' peer relationship was significantly better than that of junior high school students, the results are consistent with the conclusions of the previous studies. Second, the study revealed the relationship between psychological suzhi, self-esteem and peer relationship of middle school students. Self esteem is an important mediator variable between middle school students' psychological suzhi and peer relationship. psychological suzhi not only influences the peer relationship directly, but also has indirect effect on peer relationship through self-esteem, this was the most important result in our study. The results suggest that the school administrators and educators should pay attention to the important role of the students' psychological suzhi. To improve the level of psychological suzhi through psychological suzhi education,then improve the level of self-esteem, and finally establish a good peer relationship, the process and result have positive meaning and important value.

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    The applicability of the dual-factor model of mental health in Chinese college students and its psychological suzhi: An empirical investigation
    Da JunZHANG
    2016, 39(6): 1296-1301. 
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    Along with the development of positive psychology, Chinese and western scholars respectively puts forward the Dual-Factor Model of Mental Health(DFM) and Relationship Model between Psychological Suzhi and Mental Health(RM). The DFM theory attention to the accurate assessment of psychological health states, it insists that mental health should be a complete state, assessments of positive indicators (i.e., subjective well-being) are coupled with traditional negative indicators(i.e., Depression) to comprehensively measure mental health(Keyes & Lopez,2005; Suldo & Shaffer,2008). The RM theory focuses on the relations between root (psychological suzhi) and symptoms (mental health states), it sets forth that individual psychological suzhi plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of illness or wellness(Zhang, 2012; Wang & Zhang, 2012; Wang, 2013). To test the DFM in Chinese college students and its effectiveness, also promote the integration of the DFM and RM, this study using College Students' Psychological Suzhi scale, General Health Questionnaire-12, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Happiness Scale to survey 666 college students those of come from China's ten provinces universities such as Shandong province. The results indicated as follows: (1) A series of confirmatory factor analyses supported an two-factor model of mental health with measures of anxiety and anxiety defining a illness construct and measures of satisfaction with life and happiness defining a wellness construct, fitting index of two dimensional structure of mental health is better than that of unidimensional structure; ⑵the DFM can be used to successfully classify Chinese college students into complete mental health (31.3%), vulnerable (28.2%), symptomatic but content (14.7%), and troubled (25.8%) four types; (3) the four types of mental health state distribution in gender and family locus is no significant difference(p﹥0.05), but significant differences on the grade distribution (p﹤0.05), and the proportion of troubled type to decreases with the grade going up; ⑷the psychological suzhi total score and it’s each factor score have significant difference in four types of mental health states. The psychological suzhi total score and emotional experience, cognition of self, and self adaptive three factors in complete mental health type are significantly higher than vulnerable, symptomatic but content and troubled types, and in troubled type also significantly lower than vulnerable, symptomatic but content and complete mental health types. ⑸The development function of psychological suzhi to positive mental health indicator compared to the treatment function to negative mental health indicators is more outstanding. To sum up, the results revealed that the DFM are applicable in the Chinese college students and their psychological suzhi, the RM theory and the RM theory has a relation of mutual support.

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