本文聚焦于我国的差序格局文化,将人际差序关系引入道德机器研究,通过两项实验探讨了人际差序关系对智能机器道德决策期望的影响及其心理机制。研究1发现,智能机器与其决策所涉及对象之间的人际差序关系越近,人们越期望其做出偏私决策,对偏私行为的道德评价也更高;研究2发现,这一效应主要体现在分配性偏私情境中,并且人们对智能机器的感受性感知在其间发挥着中介作用。
Abstract
Considering the superior intelligence and autonomy of machines, it is about to be a reality that intelligent machines can independently complete decision-making tasks. How to ensure that the decisions made by intelligent machines conform to ethical norms has become the focus of domestic and foreign researchers. At present, most studies were carried out under the background of western culture, debating whether intelligent machines should adopt utilitarianism or deontology in moral dilemmas. This paper explores participants' expectations and evaluations of moral decision-making of intelligent machines under the background of the Differential Mode of Association, a typical phenomenon in the Chinese ethical system. 2 studies were conducted to test whether differential interpersonal relationships would influence participants' decision-making expectations for intelligent machines in moral dilemmas and the mediator role of mind perception.
In Study1, 185 participants were recruited to read an adapted trolley dilemma, in which an autonomous vehicle (AV) carrying five passengers was running into a landslide. It had to choose between going straight to hurt five passengers to save one stranger standing at the other side and swerving instead to the other side to hurt the stranger with an aim of saving its passengers. As the manipulation of differential interpersonal relationships, in conditions 1 and 2, one of the five was the AV's owner, a friend of the AV's owner respectively, and in condition 3, all of the five were strangers. Next, we measured participants' expectations for the AV's moral decision-making and their moral evaluations when the AV chose to save its passengers including its owner or owner's friend. In Study 2, to test the robustness of the impact of differential interpersonal relationships on moral evaluations of the favoritism behavior of intelligent machines and mechanism between them, 188 participants were asked to consider moral decision-making situations that were more realistic. According to the nature of behavior, these situations were divided into distributive favoritism situations and protective favoritism situations. Then, they were asked to finish the Mind Perception Questionnaire.
The results of Study 1 showed that the number of participants who expected the AV to save its passengers in conditions 1, 2 and 3 was the largest, medium and smallest respectively. In addition, Study 1 found that intelligent machines' favoritism decisions attained higher moral evaluations than fair decisions. These results indicated that differential interpersonal relationships may affect participants' moral expectations and evaluations for the intelligent machines. Study 2 showed that only in distributive favoritism situations, participants' moral evaluations of intelligent machines would be affected by differential interpersonal relationships, and participants gave higher moral evaluations for intelligent machines' favoritism decisions. Meanwhile, participants' experience perception rather than agency perception of intelligent machines acted as a mediator between differential interpersonal relationships and participants' moral evaluations.
The current studies partly testified that Chinese participants expected that the intelligent machines would take the closeness of interpersonal relationships into account when they encountered moral dilemmas. Moreover, the closer relationship between intelligent machines and the objects involved in moral decision-making, the stronger the emotion perceiving ability participants assumed the machines would have, and it would be more likely that participants expect the intelligent machines to make favoritism decisions eventually. The current research and its findings go beyond the framework of utilitarianism and deontology, providing a new insight into the ethical design of algorithms of intelligent machines.
关键词
智能机器 /
人际差序关系 /
道德决策 /
心智感知
Key words
intelligent machines /
differential interpersonal relationships /
moral decision-making /
mind perception
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基金
*本研究得到教育部人文社会科学规划基金项目（19YJA190007）、安徽省社会科学创新发展研究课题攻关研究项目（2018CXF166）和浙江省科技厅软科学研究计划项目（2020C35080）的资助
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