This study focuses on 1) studying the characteristics of teenage students’ daily stressful life events, 2) examining how the occurrence of stressful events influences teenagers’ social adjustment, 3) elucidating the role of social problem-solving ability in mediating the relationship between stressful life events and social adjustment of teenage students. A sample of teenage students (n = 2157) from Beijing, Harbin, Xi’an, Wuhan, Guangzhou and Kunming participated in the study. The self-report measurements including 1) Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Checklist-Revised, 2) Adolescent Social Adjustment Assessment Scale, 3) Social Problem-Solving Ability Inventory were administered to the teenage students. The daily stressful life events of teenage students are mainly embodied by their academic stress and interpersonal conflicts with their peers. In general, girls undergo more negative life events than boys (p ＜ 0.001), so as the students of low level comparing to those of high level (p ＜ 0.001). Daily stressful life events significantly and positively predict teenage students’ negative social adjustment (p ＜ 0.001), and negatively predict their positive social adjustment (p ＜ 0.001). Moreover, social problem-solving ability mediates the effect of daily stressful life events on teenage students’ social adjustment, especially for the dimension of problem approaching and problem avoidance (p ＜ 0.001). A further structure equation modeling analysis reveals that social problem-solving ability partially mediates the relationship between stressful life events and social adjustment. Furthermore, the occurrence of negative life events gradually increases during the period from junior to senior high school, and girls undergo more negative life events than boys. Moreover, daily stressful life events significantly predict teenagers’ social adjustment, and this relationship is partially mediated by students’ social problem-solving ability.