Abstract: Stoltenberg (1981) proposed in the Integrated Development Model (IDM) that counselors show different characteristics in supervision at different stages of development. The trainee counselors are those who have already started to accept formal professional training but still lack skills and experience. The empirical research can explore how the supervisors conduct interventions to the trainee counselors and what is the effect of such a supervision, so as to provide a theoretical reference for improving the trainee counselors’ training program. The Critical Incident Technique (CIT) is a qualitative research method universally used in the psychological counseling and supervision studies. This method can focus on the most important and meaningful events, thereby eliminating the interference of other complicated information. Therefore, this study uses CIT to explore the domains and categories of the critical incidents occurred during the supervision process of the trainee counselors as supervisees, and to find what the supervision process impact on the professional development of counselors and how the impacts happen. The participants of this study include 4 pairs of supervisors and trainee counselors who are conducting the individual supervision at the mental health counseling center in a certain college of Nanjing, China. The research procedures are as follows. Firstly, the individual supervision process between each pair of supervisors and supervisees was live recording. Secondly, the participants were invited to fill out the "Critical Incident Questionnaire"(CIQ) immediately after each supervision, which includes the critical incidents in the supervision process and their corresponding thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Thirdly, within 48 hours after the supervision, the supervisors and the supervisees received about one-hour semi-structured interviews. Interview questions are included ⑴which were the most significant and impressive events in the last supervision? ⑵What was the main topic of discussion at that time? ⑶How did the supervisor conduct the interventions? ⑷How did the supervisee react? (5)What was the immediate effect? (6)Why do you think this event is important? A total of 18 interviews were conducted with 8 interviewees. Fourthly, interview data was analyzed by Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) methods. 3 researchers coded the data together. The results indicate that critical incidents of supervision which are helpful to the professional development of trainee counselors can be summarized into 4 categories: supervisory relationship incidents, intervention process incidents, conceptualization incidents, and personalization incidents. These incidents contribute to professional developments in the 8 domains of trainee counselors: intervention skills and capabilities, therapeutic plans and goals, case conceptualization, theoretical knowledge learning, evaluation skills, interpersonal evaluation skills, professional ethics, morality and laws, and acceptance of individual difference. The conclusion of this study is that supervision is rather important for improving the professional competency of trainee counselors. The supervisory relationship incidents, intervention process incidents, conceptualization incidents, and personalization incidents during the supervision process can promote the professional development of trainee counselors effectively. Due to the difficulty in sampling, the sample size of this study was relatively small, and the participants all came from the same counseling institution. In further study, a large number of supervisors and supervisees with different theoretical orientations should be selected among various counseling institution.

Key words: supervision, critical incidents, trainee counselor, supervisor, supervisee, qualitative research

摘要： 目的：了解个别督导过程中重要事件的类型、内涵及对新手咨询师专业成长的影响。方法：采用重要事件法，访谈4对受督者和督导师，并用共识性质性研究法分析。结果：有益重要事件包括督导关系、概念化、历程化、个人化4大类；督导促进了新手咨询师干预技巧能力、治疗计划目标等8个专业领域的成长。结论：督导对于新手咨询师专业成长非常重要。各类督导事件对于新手咨询师的促进作用并不均衡。

关键词: 督导, 重要事件, 新手咨询师, 受督者, 督导师, 定性研究