啮齿动物帮助行为动机的实证研究 &#x0002A;

韩书; 陈亚勤; 郑本汇源; 王雅欣; 尹彬

doi:10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20230502

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心理科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (5) : 1036-1045. DOI: 10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20230502

基础、实验与工效

啮齿动物帮助行为动机的实证研究 ^*

韩书, 陈亚勤, 郑本汇源, 王雅欣, 尹彬^**

作者信息 +

An Empirical Study on The Motivation of Helping Behavior in Rodents

Han Shu, Chen Yaqin, Zheng Benhuiyuan, Wang Yaxin, Yin Bin

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

近年利用啮齿动物模型探究帮助行为动机成为新趋势,共情、减轻自身痛苦和社会接触欲望等被认为是啮齿动物做出帮助行为的动机。本研究以108只Sprague-Dawley大鼠为被试,改进了Carvalheiro等（2019）的帮助行为实验装置,以三个实验探究啮齿动物帮助行为的主要动机。研究结果表明：（1）不论暗室是否存在,社会接触欲望和追求有趣环境是帮助行为的主要动机;（2）自身痛苦的减轻以及之前的社会接触经历而非受困经历有助于帮助行为的发生及持续性;（3）共情或许并非帮助行为的主要动机,而是对帮助行为过程的描述。

Abstract

Helping behavior is universal across species. In recent years, it has become a new trend for scholars to use rodent models to explore the motivation of helping behavior. Empathy, relieving personal distress, and desire for social contacts are plausible motivations for rodents to help, but debates exist about whether helping behavior is inspired by one of the motives or the combination of them. In this study, to explore the motivation of helping behavior in rodents, the two-chamber experimental apparatus designed by Carvalheiro et al. (2019) was improved by adding an intermediate chamber to manipulate the possibility of the free rat's social contact with the entrapped rats after implementing the helping behavior as well as the possibility of the free rat's escaping from the helping context to relieve its personal distress in the process of helping decision-making. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (N=108) were used as subjects in three experiments. The latency to open the door for helping the entrapped rat escape was recorded as the main outcome variable.
Experiment 1 confirmed the existence of helping behavior and the impact of social contact on helping behavior under the condition of being unable to escape from the helping context, using a 2 (possibility of social contact: yes/no) by 4 (restrainer condition: empty restrainer, familiar rat, unfamiliar rat, toy rat) mixed experimental design. The results showed that when social contact was allowed, the free rat maintained a consistently short latency to help, but when social contact was not allowed, the free rat's latency to help became longer and longer as sessions went on until the free rat no longer helped at all within the 15min session limit.
Experiment 2 explored the impact of social contact on helping behavior under the condition of being able to escape from the helping context, using the same experimental design as Study 1 but keeping the door between the middle chamber and the dark chamber open. The results showed that the existence of the dark chamber was beneficial for the non-social contact group to help continuously, but extended the latency to help in the social contact group, namely, relieving personal distress contributes to the emergence of helping behavior, but the emergence of helping behavior ultimately depends on whether social contact could be made.
Experiment 3 explored the influence of previous social contact experience and current social contact possibility on helping behavior under the condition of the free rats' having been trapped before, using a 2(possibility of social contact: yes/no) by 2 (previous social contact experience: yes/no) by 4 (restrainer conditions: empty restrainer, familiar rat, unfamiliar rat, toy rat) mixed experimental design. The results showed that previous experiences of being trapped did not affect helping behavior, but previous experiences of social contact were conducive to maintaining continuous helping behavior in the non-social contact group.
In summary, the following conclusions were obtained through this study: (1) desires for social contact and the pursuit of interesting environment are important motivations for rodents' helping behavior, regardless of the possibility to escape from the helping context. (2) Relieving personal distress can help sustain helping behavior, but the emergence of helping behavior ultimately depends on whether social contact can be carried out after helping. (3) Previous experiences of social contact rather than the experiences of having been trapped contribute to the occurrence of helping behavior. (4) Empathy may not be the main reason to maintain helping behavior but rather can be used to describe the process of helping behavior.
This study extends the comparative research on the motivation of helping behavior and provides some hints for the psychological development and educational practices in humans.

导出引用

韩书, 陈亚勤, 郑本汇源, 王雅欣, 尹彬. 啮齿动物帮助行为动机的实证研究 ^*[J]. 心理科学. 2023, 46(5): 1036-1045 https://doi.org/10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20230502

Han Shu, Chen Yaqin, Zheng Benhuiyuan, Wang Yaxin, Yin Bin. An Empirical Study on The Motivation of Helping Behavior in Rodents[J]. Journal of Psychological Science. 2023, 46(5): 1036-1045 https://doi.org/10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20230502

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