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Emotion Regulation Strategies in Chinese Adolescents with Different Depressive symptoms 2020, 43(6): 1296-1303.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Subthreshold depression (SubD) is generally considered present when individuals report clinically relevant depressive symptoms (i.e. sustained depressed mood or loss of interest) but fall short of the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD). The prevalence of SubD among youth ranged from 5% over the past year, to 29% over the two weeks before screening. A recent meta-analytic review has shown that, although the symptoms of SubD are less severe than MDD, adolescents with SubD are associated with elevated rates of psychiatric comorbidities, reduced social functioning, increased suicidality, and frequent mental health service utilization. Moreover, adolescents with SubD are approximately two times more likely than their non-depressed counterparts to develop major depression. Considering the SubD is characterized by the aberrations in affect (enhanced negative emotion and diminished positive emotion), researchers often examined SubD adolescents from the perspective of emotion regulation. Emotion regulation refers to the process that a person uses emotion regulation strategies to modify the experience and expression of emotion in order to meet the contextual demands. According to the process model of emotion regulation, emotion regulation strategies could be divided into five families of strategies: situation change, situation modification, attention deployment, cognitive change (i.e., reappraisal and rumination), and response change (i.e., suppression and expression). Specifically, reappraisal involves changing interpretation of emotional stimulus. Rumination refers to focusing one’s attention toward emotional experiences and their causes and consequences. Suppression involves inhibiting ongoing emotion-expressive behavior. Expression refers to exhibiting the outward expression of emotional states. Based on the conceptualization of these emotion regulation strategies, prior studies have investigated the relationship between specific emotion regulation strategy with depressive symptoms in adolescents. Previous results suggested that, compared to non-depressed (nonD) controls, adolescents with MDD report habitually using putatively maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (i.e., rumination) more frequently, and putatively adaptive emotion regulation strategies (i.e., reappraisal) less frequently. However, existing studies (1) mainly examined the differences in the use of emotion regulation strategies between nonD and MDD participates, neglecting the feature of SubD population. (2) predominantly focused on regulation of negative emotion, without fully considering positive emotion. To investigate the daily selection of emotion regulation strategies in adolescents with different depressive symptoms, 766 adolescents were recruited and divided into non-depressed, subthreshold depression, and depression groups by means of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Scale-Depression (CES-D), and their usage of reappraisal, rumination, suppression, and expression was assessed using the Adolescent Daily Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ADERQ) as well. The results showed that: (1) Compared to non-depressed group, subthreshold depression group and depression group utilize significantly less reappraisal, whereas use significantly more rumination, expressive suppression, and expressive expression. (2) The utilization of specific emotion regulation strategy was influenced by to-be-regulated emotion valence. (3) The frequency of four emotion regulation strategies of SubD participates fell in between of nonD and MDD counterparts, which indicated that the relation of emotion regulation strategy to depressive symptoms is linear. These results suggested that: (1) Overall, the depressive symptoms of adolescents was significantly negatively related to putatively adaptive emotion regulation strategies (e.g., reappraisal) while at the same time significantly positively associated with putatively maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (e.g., rumination). (2) The relationship of depressive symptoms with distinct emotion regulation strategies was modulated by to-be-regulated emotion valence. (3) Compared to nonD and MDD individuals, adolescents with SubD represent good targets for early screening and preventive interventions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Test dissociation of identification implicit memory under retrieval interference 2020, 43(6): 1289-1295.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Many studies investigated the effect of retrieval interference on explicit memory, and found that retrieval interference did not have an impact on explicit memory performance or had a little impact. Few studies discussed whether retrieval interference would affect implicit memory, and the conclusions were inconsistent. Some studies repeated the destructive effect of retrieval interference on implicit memory. However, the other researchers proposed that implicit memory was an automated processing, and have proved that implicit memory would not be affected by the retrieval interference. The conclusions of the above studies are not consistent, and there are differences between experimental materials and test tasks in these studies, so that it is impossible to compare them directly. On the whole, lexical decision task is used in a series of studies to find the effect of retrieval interference on implicit memory. Studies didn’t find retrieval interference effects, using tasks including word-stem completion, category example generation and perceptual recognition. Implicit memory is not a single component, including identification implicit memory and production implicit memory, as well as perceptual priming and conceptual priming. Based on these analyses, we speculate whether identification implicit test tasks such as lexical decision tasks may be more vulnerable to the retrieval interference. In this study, the dual-task paradigm was used to set up simultaneous interference tasks in the extraction phase, and three experiments were carried out to test the above problems. Experiment 1 used the lexical decision task in order to verify whether the retrieval interference affected the perceptual implicit memory. The results showed that the reaction time（RT）and the correct rate（AC）of the two kinds of old words were significantly faster than that of the new words (ps<0.001), but there was no significant difference between the two kinds of old words (p>0.05), which indicated that the perceptual priming effect disappeared under the retrieval interference. Experiment 2 further used semantic classification task in order to examine the effect of retrieval interference on conceptual implicit memory, and the results also showed that concept priming effect was significantly reduced under retrieval interference. The results of joint analysis of the priming effect of experiment 1 and experiment 2 showed that, in no interference case, the priming effect of shallow coding processing was higher than that of deep coding processing in lexical decision (p=0.08) and the priming effect of deep coding processing in semantic classification was significantly higher than that of shallow coding processing (p<0.01). Under the condition of retrieval interference, it was found that the priming effect of deep coding processing was significantly lower than that of shallow coding processing (p<0.05), and there was no significant difference in other factors (ps>0.05). Compared with non-interference condition, it shows that conceptual priming is more damaged by retrieval interference than perceptual priming. In conclusion, the identification implicit memory will be affected by the retrieval interference what produces the dissociation between the identification perception implicit memories and the identification concept implicit memory, and the identification concept implicit memory is more vulnerable to the influence of retrieval interference. Related Articles | Metrics

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The FN400 Is Identical to The N400: Evidence from Picture Stimuli Bing-Bing Li 2020, 43(6): 1282-1288.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Event related potential(ERP) literature on recognition memory has found that recollection is associated with the LPC old/new effect, which occurs around 500- 800ms at posterior electrodes, and familiarity is associated with the FN400 old/new effect, which occurs around 300-500ms at anterior electrodes. The view that the FN400 reflects familiarity has been challenged by some recent researches. One of the evidences against the view that the FN400 reflects familiarity is that the FN400 is not different from the N400, which reflects semantic processing. However, this result was challenged by some later studies that found the FN400 was different from the N400. The present study investigated the relationship between the FN400 and the N400 using picture of visual objects as stimuli and ERP technology. The present study used the masked conceptual priming paradigm in the study phase and the remember/know (R/K) paradigm in the test phase. 200 pictures were presented in the study phase. Half were preceded by a masked semantically related picture (related condition), and half were preceded by a masked semantically unrelated picture (unrelated condition). Subjects performed an R/K recognition memory test in the test phase. 100 studied pictures and 50 unstudied pictures were presented in each test block (two blocks in total). Continuous EEG was recorded using the NeuroScan system, with 64 electrodes embedded in a hat, in both the study and test phase (band pass: 0.05-100Hz, 30Hz low pass filtered in offline processing). Epochs were created beginning 100 ms prior (serve for baseline correction) to and ending 900 ms after the onset of stimulus presentation in both the study and test phase. The FN400 familiarity effect was defined as the ERP difference between K hits and correct rejections at 300-500ms in the test phase and the N400 conceptual priming effect was defined as the ERP difference between related and unrelated condition at 300-500ms in the study phase. The behavioral results revealed that masked conceptual priming facilitated the response time in related condition compared to unrelated condition, [685(±51）ms vs. 704(±57)ms，t(17) = 5.741，p < 0.001，d = 1.35]and that both R response and K response in the test phase were above chance level. The ERP results revealed that masked conceptual priming was associated with the N400 occurred at 300-500ms and that familiarity was related to the FN400 occurred at 300-500ms and recollection was related to the LPC occurred at 500-800ms. The comparison of the topographic distribution of the FN400 familiarity effect and the N400 conceptual priming effect revealed that there was no difference between the topographic distribution of the FN400 and the N400 effect, [F(61，1037) = 0.675，p = 0.65，η_p^2 = 0.04). These results suggested that the FN400 and the N400 for picture stimuli are similar (i.e., they both reflect semantic processing), which supported the idea that FN400 effect reflects conceptual priming in the test phase but not familiarity. Related Articles | Metrics

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Response Repetition Effects in Task Switching 2020, 43(6): 1319-1326.  Abstract ( )   PDF   In many task-switch studies, response repetitions produce benefits (response repetition benefit, RR benefit) when the task repeats but produce costs (response repetition costs, RR costs) when the task switches, which was terms as response repetition effects (RR effects). The response repetition is not bound to an exact (i.e., physical) repetition of the same response. Rather, the repetition of an abstract code (i.e. response category) in subsequent trials is sufficient to produce these effects. RR effects can also happen in response modes more than manual response (e.g. verbal response and motor imagery). Even if sequential trials have different response modes also found RR effects. Both stimuli valence and congruency can affect RR effects. The bivalent stimuli, which can be evaluated according to both tasks, yields larger RR costs and smaller RR benefit than univalent stimuli. Compared with incongruent trial, there are greater RR costs and smaller RR benefit after the congruent stimuli. RR costs were larger for bivalent-incongruent stimuli and univalent-incongruent stimuli than for neutral stimuli, which seems to be affected by the congruency of the preceding trial. The more response-related features repeat, the more remarkable the RR effects will be. In addition, longer task preparation time and time pressure would decrease RR benefit, but no consistent effects on RR costs. Three main theoretical frameworks have been proposed to explain these effects. The reconfiguration-based account proposes tasks are organized hierarchically, when a superordinate level (e.g., task-set) switches, this generalized downwards to all subordinate levels (e.g., the response). That is, switching the task implies preparing a different response than the one just executed. This results in costs for repeating the response of the preceding trial, because executing that response required an additional step of reconfiguration to switch back to that response. It provides evidence for neural mechanism, but can seldom explain the mechanisms of different influence factors, which might due to hierarchical control is not a specific process in task switching. The priming and inhibition account supported that responses are inhibited after they have been activated in order to prevent perseveration tendencies. The RR benefits in task-repetition trials are due to the concurrent repetition of the relevant stimulus category. This priming benefit overcompensates the negative effect of response inhibition. Otherwise, no stimulus category priming benefit in task-switch trials when response repeat, which results in RR costs. This theory was always studied in dual-task, which requires to distinguish from the study in task switching. According to the episodic-retrieval account, all task features (e.g. cue, task set, stimulus and response) serve as retrieval cues for previous episodes in which these features have been encountered and bound. Whenever at least one feature of a previous episode repeats, the previous event file is retrieved. Such retrieval is helpful while all features of the previous episode repeat in current episode. However, if only some features of the previous episode repeat, performance decreases considerably, due to the bindings mismatching and new bindings have to be established. The account only focuses on exact repetition but no abstract code repetition, or it is not clear which features an episode consists of. Furthermore, the weighting of different retrieval cues and matching and mismatching features need several additional assumptions. Current neuroscience study only focused on the neural basis and theoretical framework, more elaborate and concreted mechanisms should be discussed. To further explore various sources for RR effects is required and should base on integrating different theories. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Analysis of Eye-movement Indexes in Scene Perception on Fixation and Saccade Perspective 2020, 43(6): 1312-1318.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Visual information is generally the main basis for people to understand the external environment in daily life, and the eye is the only organ that obtains visual information. There evidences showed that 70%~90% of the information is obtained through people’s eyes. Therefore, some researchers focused on some issues such as what is the eye fixation, how long has it been seen, and where has the eye moved etc during viewing for scene, text, and advertisement design so on. On the one hand, researchers try to explore what information attracts people’s attention, on the other hand, they also try to know what is the mental activity of people in the process of watching or eye movement? Eye movement is like an operation window of the attention system, which can reflect the ongoing visual and cognitive processing in a sensitive and immediate manner. Therefore, eye movement paradigm is an important research method to scene perception, text understanding, and so on, which can record the information processing process of scene perception in real time. For instance, in the study of the time process and information processing of scene perception, the application of eye movement technology provides a possibility for people to understand the immediate attention of scene viewers, input of sensory information, and even the influence of knowledge and experience. More importantly, eye movement measures can truly reflect the mental processing mechanism of information processing, and the analysis of eye movement indexes is helpful to reveal the psychological characteristics of cognitive processing. However, people’s mental activities are extremely complex, and corresponding eye movement characteristics also have diversity and complexity. If researchers want to understand people’s complex mental activities during scene perception, they have to explain accurately all kinds of eye movement indicators, and understand the relationship between eye movement indicators and mental activities. Although eye movement techniques have been widely used in the study of scene perception, there is little review of eye movement indicators and their mental meanings. Yan and Bai (2003, 2013) have analyzed mental meaning of eye movement indicators in the reading researching. However, reading and scene perception are different at aspects of mental processing, and there are also significant difference in eye movement characteristics and mental meanings. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the eye movement characteristics in the process of scene perception. There are also different dimensions for the analysis of eye movement measures, such as global and local, temporal and spatial. This paper reviews that the existing classification of eye movement measure indicators and classifies them into fixation category and saccade category based on the eye movement characteristics in scene perception. Fixation and saccade are two basic events in the process of scene perception. Fixation variables include start and end time, first fixation duration, average fixation duration, first-pass gaze duration, etc; and saccade variables include start and end time, start and end position, amplitude, angle, direction, average and peak velocity, etc. This study analyzes and introduces that the fixation indicators and saccade indicators, and introduces the definition standard corresponding indicators, mental meaning, and their application in research. Finally, possible problems in the analysis and application of eye movement indexes are puts forward, as well as the possible fields to be expanded in the future research are also discussed. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Characteristics, Effect Factors and Future Directions of the Clean and Dirty Metaphor of Moral Concepts from an Embodied Perspective 2020, 43(6): 1327-1332.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Abstract Conceptual metaphor theory emphasizes that individuals connect the concrete concepts from physical experience with the abstract and complex concepts automatically. Embodied cognition theory also argues that the cognition of individuals originated from the body. Both of them highlight the role of embodied experience in cognitive formation. In recent years, the research in the field of moral concept also pays attention to solving the problem of moral concept metaphor based on the embodied perspective. In particular, the clean and dirty metaphor of moral concepts has attracted the wide attention of researchers. First, there is psychological reality about the clean and dirty metaphor of moral concepts. That is, individuals tend to associate clean embodied experience with moral words and dirty with immoral words. Moreover, the clean and dirty metaphor of moral concepts affect moral judgment, which we called consistent and compensatory effect. The above reveals the characteristics of the clean and dirty metaphor of moral concepts. Secondly, the clean and dirty metaphor of moral concepts is affected by mediating and moderating factors: the mediating effects include disgust emotion and moral self-image. The initiation of physical cleanliness accompanied with the start of disgust emotion. Moral self-image which means an individual’s perception and evaluation of their moral level. The enhanced moral self-image makes an effect on individual's moral judgment. And the moderating effects include moral sensitivity and physical sensitivity. Moral sensitivity signifies the ability of whom to judge and obtain the moral meaning through embodied experiences. Individuals with higher moral sensitivity are more likely to distinguish between clean and dirty information and have a stronger connection effect of the metaphor. Physical sensitivity is called the physical sensitivity of individuals to the experience of being dirty or clean. Those who with higher physical sensitivity license a severer judgment on immoral stories. Finally, it is necessary to look into the future directions of clean and dirty metaphor of moral concepts from the following aspects. Firstly, we should pay attention to the neural mechanism to provide the physiological basis of empirical research of the clean and dirty metaphor of moral concepts; the second one is to reveal its contextual and investigate the effect of embodied experience in different situations on the clean and dirty metaphor of moral concepts; the third one is directionality, and whether pointing to oneself or pointing to the surrounding environment has different influences on moral concept; the fourth is to conduct the intervention research on the clean and dirty metaphor of moral concepts; and the last one is to explore the cultural difference and reveal the moderating role of culture in the metaphorical relationship between embodied cleanliness and moral concepts. In a word, this paper summarizes characteristics, effect factors and future directions of clean and dirty metaphor of moral concepts, to provide theoretical research and practical reference for the research of the clean and dirty metaphor of moral concepts, which may be enriched and improved in future research. Related Articles | Metrics

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Internal Attentional Selection in Visual Working Memory: Effect, Characteristics and Mechanism 2020, 43(6): 1333-1340.  Abstract ( )   PDF   When the external input disappears, the information stably stored in the visual working memory (VWM) is still affected by the internal attention. The present study systematically reviews the internal attentional selection in VWM by analyzing and summarizing current articles in this field. The main tools in this field are the retro-cue paradigm and the task-switch procedure. The typical feature of first paradigm is to present a retrospective cue during the retention of VWM, telling the subject that the item pointed to by the cue is most relevant to the current task. Retro-cue can manipulate internal attention directly, so this paradigm is more commonly used than task-switch procedure. The effects of internal attentional selection can be detected by behavioral experimental methods, and the specific process of change and internal state of the selection can be explored by neuroscience experimental methods. The effect of internal attentional selection in VWM is that the selected items gain advantages, while the unselected items may be damaged. This effect was reflected in the experimental results as the retro-cue effect. The selected item have an impact on subsequent search tasks and can offset the damage caused by the interference. A focus of internal attention can also improve load effects and prevent information from declining over time.The existence of damage is still controversial, through the summary we found that it can be affected by a variety of factors., including the proportion of invalid cue, the load, the difficulty of the memory materials and so on. In the end, we conclude that whether damage occurs or not, may essentially follow a "subjective optimal strategy under resource limitation." That is to say, based on available resources,?there is a trade-off between performance and convenience. This article also summarizes four characteristics of the internal attentional selection in VWM.The time course of it is that the priority effect takes at least 50ms, and the optimal stability requires about 400ms. Both objects and features can be manipulated by internal attention. Internal attention can have an advantageous impact on more than one item at the same time. And this priority effect does not require sustained internal attention to maintain it. Among the theoretical mechanisms of internal attentional selection in VWM, the Three-Embedded-Components Model of Working Memory is the most consistent. Because under this theory, the participants can flexibly choose whether to remove unselected items or not. In addition, by summarizing the neuroscience articles in this field, we find that the neural mechanisms behind this are mainly involved the occipital visual cortex, posterior parietal cortex (PPC), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and cortical striatum. Among them, PPC and PFC play an important role in extracting information from VWM to FoA. Some suggestions for future research are proposed. The relationship between stored items in VWM can also have a significant impact on internal attentional selection in VWM. Meanwhile, we should explore whether the enhanced and suppressed operation of internal attention share the same resource. And it should be probed that whether it is difficult or even impossible to autonomously separate the internal attention extraction and the behavioral response. Related Articles | Metrics

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The latent class analysis of Chinese contemporary graduate students’ affective diathesis Jia-Mei LU 2020, 43(6): 1304-1311.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Affective diathesis is relatively stable and positive as an affective mental characteristic, it consists of six factors, moral affection, rational affection, aesthetic affection, interpersonal affection, life affection, and emotional intelligence. Affective diathesis is considered as the basic component of individual’s mental diathesis, and plays a fundamental role in boosting students’ overall development. The affective diathesis of students at different level of education may possess unique characteristics such that it is worthwhile to explore the uniqueness of the affective diathesis for different student cohorts. Meanwhile, Graduate education is an important source of blue-ribbon talents, so the study of the affective diathesis of graduate merits attention. But the existing literatures pertinent to graduate students were focused on their research ability and creativity, few has investigated the affective diathesis. They found that (1) the overall affective diathesis of the participants is relatively good, (2) among the six factors, the overall life affection and moral affection of the participants were at a relatively high level whereas the overall interpersonal affection, aesthetic affection, and emotional intelligence were at a relatively low level. But more fine-grained analysis should be done to provide a window into the affective diathesis from a person-oriented perspective, for example, whether the graduate students cohort could be categorized into different groups based on their affective diathesis, if so, what are the inter-group differences of affective diathesis. Therefore, this study applied latent class analysis (LCA) to classify students into different latent groups based on their response pattern in the “Questionnaire on College Students’ Affective Diathesis”. Data were collected on a sample of 10056 graduate students from 51 universities in 14 cities (such as Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Guangzhou, Changchun, Zhengzhou, Xi'an, Wuhan, Xining, Lanzhou, Guiyang, Nanning, Haikou, Kunming, and so on) in China. Based on the LCA results, this study (1) explored the inter-group characteristics of affective diathesis and (2) determined appropriate cutoff values for the “Questionnaire on College Students’ Affective Diathesis”. Results shown that the overall affective diathesis of graduate is good, but there are differences in the developmental level. What’s more, the development law of the internal dimension of affective diathesis is not consistent. More specifically, the development of the affective diathesis of graduate students can be divided into three levels: excellent, good and in general. In the excellent level, the development of moral emotion, rational emotion, life emotion, aesthetic emotion and interpersonal emotion is better than the emotional intelligence, while the general level is the opposite, and the development of the good level is more balanced in each dimension. Further analysis shows that gender and major both have an effect on the development of affective diathesis. In addition, based on the results of LCA, the present study set cut-off values for the “Questionnaire on College Students’ Affective Diathesis” to classify students into different categories according to their observed total score. If one’s score is higher than 858, he/she would be classified as belonging to the better group, if one’s score is below 720, he/she would be classified as belonging to the need-to-be-improved group, if one’s score is between 858 and 720, he/she would be classified as belonging to the good group. Related Articles | Metrics

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The effects of the word predictability on eye movements of skilled and less-skilled developing readers in Chinese Sentnces reading 2020, 43(6): 1369-1375.  Abstract ( )   PDF   The word predictability has a fundamental role in determining whether a word is fixated and for how long during skilled reading for both alphabetic and non-alphabetic languages. Current models of eye movement control, such as E-Z Reader (e.g., Reichle, Pollatsek, Fisher, Rayner, 1998) and SWIFT (e.g., Engbert, Kliegl & Nuthmann, 2005), treat predictability as one of the two main linguistic variables determining the speed with which words can be identified during reading. However, while this influence of word predictability on the eye movements of skilled readers is relatively well understood, surprising little is known about the how the use of these lexical cues develops. This will be important for understanding how children learn to read. Moreover, previous studies have shown that there was significant difference of predictability facilitation effect for children with different reading skills. However, the relationship between reading skills and predictability effect is still controversial. Accordingly, to gain insight into the use of these lexical cues by developing Chinese readers and how it would be modulated by reading skills, we examined the effects of parametrically manipulating the predictability of a specific target word in sentences on the eye movements of higher and lower skilled 5th grade readers. Developing Chinese readers (22 skilled, 20 less-skilled) were selected from a pool of school children (aged 10-12 years) whose reading skills had been comprehensively assessed. The test of reading skill was composed of reading comprehension and reading fluency. They read sentences containing two-character target words for which predictability and frequency was manipulated. Some findings suggest that lexical frequency effects provide a robust measure of lexical access, thus to investigate the relationship between predictability and frequency could tell us the the processing stage at which predictability operates. The results showed that predictability effects emerged on skipping rate, first-pass fixation times and total reading times for highly-skilled developing readers, while for low-skilled developing readers, predictability effect emerged on all fixation times measures; and for both group readers, an interaction between predictability frequency and complexity were observed on skip probability with larger frequency effect for low-predictability words. Furthermore, the differences between higher and lower skilled children showed that highly-skilled readers were more likely to skip words that were more predictable in the sentence context, indicating that predictability influenced the parafoveal processing of upcoming words. But lower-skilled children these developing readers made longer refixation fixation for higher predictability words which indicated they more rely on contextual predictability during later stage of lexical processing. In summary, word predictability indeed influences the eye movements of Chinese developing readers as developed adult readers. And there are fundamental differences in the influence of predictability on eye movements and lexical process for skilled and less-skilled developing Chinese readers. Highly-skilled readers used the predictability to facilitate lexical identification from the parafoveal processing, while the low-skilled did it from the word was fixated; although the predictability had the same influences on word identification when words were fixated for both group readers, low-skilled readers relied more on it during the re-reading processing. Related Articles | Metrics

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Impact of Logic Training on the Syllogism Reasoning of College Students with Different Ways of Rational Thinking 2020, 43(6): 1363-1368.  Abstract ( )   PDF   As one kind of simple deductive reasoning, the syllogism reasoning contains a premise which is made up of two nature judgments and a conclusion of one nature judgment. Previous studies of syllogism reasoning have mainly concentrated on how individual factors (such as belief bias, mode of thinking, etc.) would influence the syllogism reasoning while less emphasis has been laid on the external factors. In recent years, The influence of logic training on reasoning has attracted researchers’ attention, some researchers have previously found that logic training would not improve the scores of syllogism reasoning, while other researchers achieved completely different results. One potential reason for the controversial results may be the ignorance of individual differences in previous studies. Therefore, on the basis of existing research, the current study discusses the impact of logic training on the syllogism reasoning of college students with different rational thinking modes. A total of 105 college students (47 male and 58 female) were randomly selected to participate in the experiment. Before the experiment, each of them filled in a scale of Rational – Experiential Inventor (REI-40). Based on the scores of REI-40, we chose the highest 1/3 (N = 35) and lowest 1/3 (N = 35) as the high and low rational thinking groups respectively to conduct the experiment. After that, a 50-question syllogism reasoning test was carried out. The syllogism reasoning included two formats (AC-BC format and BC-AB format), and only the correctness of AC-BC format was examined. Then, the logic training was carried out, and participants were asked to do another 50-question syllogism reasoning test after the training. The results suggested that (1) The average response time of individual’s syllogism reasoning with high rational thinking mode is faster than those with low rational thinking mode; The average accuracy of non-conflicting task type problem’s syllogism reasoning is significantly higher than that of conflict task type problem; Logic training can improve the average response time and correction rate of individual’s syllogism reasoning; (2)The average accuracy of non-conflicting task type problem’s syllogism reasoning is still significantly higher than that of non-conflict task type problem after logic training; (3)Logic training can improve the average correction rate of individual’s conflict task type with low rational thinking mode. This means that logic training can significantly improve individual’s reasoning performance, but it can not completely eliminate the influence of belief bias on reasoning. Moreover, logic training has more obvious effect on improving individual’s reasoning performance with low rational thinking mode. In a word, this study suggests that there are individual differences in the impact of logic training on syllogism reasoning, which is helpful for further elucidating the impact of logic training on individual syllogism reasoning in different rational thinking modes. From the experimental results, it can be seen that logic training can weaken the influence of belief bias on reasoning, and effectively improve the reasoning performance of individuals with lower rational thinking mode, but the effect of improving individual rational thinking mode is not obvious. Further research can use different training methods to improve the reasoning performance of individuals with highly rational thinking patterns. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Influence of Grit on Academic Achievement: The Mediating Role of Deliberate and Spontaneous Mind Wandering 2020, 43(6): 1348-1354.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Grit is defined as trait-level perseverance and passion for long-term goals, to develop high level grit is critical for people to get success. Many studies showed that grit had a significant positive impact on academic achievement of high school and college students. Also, students with the high levels of this trait were more likely to concentrate on the lectures in class, and less mind wandering. Furthermore, a substantial body research revealed that individuals who engaging in less mind wandering had higher academic achievement than whose engaging in more mind wandering. However, to date, no attempt has been made to evaluate the relationship among those three variables in a model simultaneously, especially for elementary students. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of grit (consistency of interests、perseverance of effort), and mind wandering (deliberate and spontaneous mind wandering) on academic achievement. We also examined whether deliberate and spontaneous mind wandering would play mediators role in the relationship between consistency of interests、perseverance of effort and academic achievement. A sample of 3372 elementary students ( including 1702 males and 1670 females) completed two questionnaires. One was the Mind Wandering Scale, which consisted of a Deliberate Mind Wandering Scale (MW-D) and a Spontaneous Mind Wandering Scale (MW-S). The other was the Grit Scale, which consisted of two subscales (consistency of interests and perseverance of effort). All the measures showed good reliability and validity in the present study. A confirmatory factor analysis was calculated to test the common method variance. Results indicated that the single-factor model was not suitable, confirming the study was accurate enough in terms of common method variance. The results indicated that: (1) both of consistency of interests and perseverance of effort positively predicted academic achievement. (2) Deliberate mind wandering positively predicted academic achievement, while spontaneous mind wandering negatively predicted academic achievement. (3) After controlling gender and age, both of deliberate and spontaneous mind wandering mediated the relationship between consistency of interests、perseverance of effort and academic achievement, however, the mediating effects were different: for individuals with high consistency of interests, the mediating effect of deliberate mind wandering was negatively, whereas the mediating effect of spontaneous mind wandering was positively; for individuals with high perseverance of effort, though the mediating effect of deliberate and spontaneous mind wandering were positively, a dissociation mediation mechanism between both of mind wandering was found: on the one hand, individuals with high perseverance level showed more deliberate mind wandering, on the other hand, they showed less spontaneous mind-wandering. Both of these conditions were conducive to the improvement of academic performance. These findings implied that not all of mind wandering could contribute to negative consequences, the deliberate mind wandering played an important positive role in academic performance. Students could appropriately engage in deliberate mind wandering, and try their best to avoid spontaneous mind wandering. Meanwhile, This paper also reveals the influencing mechanism of grit on academic performance among elementary students, which could have important implications for educational curricula decisions and possible educational interventions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Perceived Discrimination and Loneliness and problem behavior of Left-behind Junior Middle School Students: The Roles of Teacher-Student and Classmates Relationship 2020, 43(6): 1355-1362.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Because of long-term separation from parents, left-behind children are inclined to cultivate strong loneliness and salient problem behavior. Perceived discrimination may be an important risk factor influencing the loneliness and problem behavior of left-behind children and adolescents. However, there are significant differences in the impact of perceived discrimination on individuals. The protective factors possessed by individuals can reduce the negative effect of perceived discrimination. Class is a critical living environment for left-behind children and adolescents. The teacher-student and classmate relationship in class are likely to be protective factors for left-behind children and adolescents to resist the negative effect of perceived discrimination. This research aims to investigate the moderating effect of teacher-student relationship and classmate relationship between perceived discrimination and loneliness and problem behavior of left-behind children and adolescents, so as to verify whether teacher-student relationship and classmate relationship are protective factors for left-behind children and adolescents to resist negative effect of perceived discrimination. This research suppose that perceived discrimination would significantly increase the sense of loneliness and problem behavior of left-behind children and adolescents; teacher-student relationship and classmate relationship would significantly reduce the sense of loneliness and problem behavior of left-behind children and adolescents; teacher-student relationship and classmate relationship would weaken the direct effect of perceived discrimination on loneliness and problem behavior; the relationship between variables is diverse in different left-behind categories. In order to achieve the above objectives, Perceived Discrimination Scale, Teacher-Student Relationship Subscale and Classmate Relationship Subscale of Class Environment Questionnaire, Loneliness Questionnaire and problem behavior Questionnaire were administered to 894 left-behind junior middle school students from rural areas in China. The key results are as follows: (1) perceived discrimination positively predicts the loneliness and problem behavior of left-behind junior high school students; teacher-student relationship and classmate relationship negatively predict the loneliness and problem behavior of left-behind junior high school students; (2) the interactions of perceived discrimination, teacher-student relationship and mother migrant significant predictors of loneliness, simple slope analysis indicates that teacher-student relationship can weaken the correlation between perceived discrimination and loneliness of junior high school students from mother migrant families; the interactions of perceived discrimination, classmate relationship and parents migrant significant predictors of loneliness, simple slope analysis shows that classmate relationship can reduce the correlation between perceived discrimination and loneliness of junior high school students from parents migrant families. (3) the interactions of perceived discrimination, teacher-student relationship and mother migrant significant predictors of problem behavior, the interactions of perceived discrimination, teacher-student relationship and parents migrant significant predictors of problem behavior, simple slope analysis reveals that better teacher-student relationship enhances the correlation between perceived discrimination and problem behavior of junior high school student from mother migrant families and parents migrant families; the interactions of perceived discrimination, classmate relationship and mother migrant significant predictors of problem behavior, the interactions of perceived discrimination, classmate relationship and parents migrant significant predictors of problem behavior, simple slope analysis suggests that better classmate relationship promotes the correlation between perceived discrimination and problem behavior of junior high school student from mother migrant families and parents migrant families. The research showed that perceived discrimination is a risk factor influencing the loneliness and problem behavior of left-behind children and adolescents. Supportive teacher-student relationship and classmate relationship directly reduce the loneliness of left-behind children and adolescents and weaken the correlation between perceived discrimination and loneliness. However, it is noteworthy that better teacher-student relationship and classmate relationship may increase the correlation between perceived discrimination and problem behavior of left-behind children and adolescents. implications and limitations are discussed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Parents’ Academic Involvement and Negative Emotions in High School Students: The Mediating Role of Parent-Child Relationship and the Moderating Role of Parental Psychological Control Xin-pei XU Ming /LIU 2020, 43(6): 1341-1347.  Abstract ( )   PDF   The mental health of students is an important issue in today’s society. Compared with elementary and middle school students, high school students have more complex and intense emotional experience. Heavy study tasks, intense peer competition, and parents' high expectations put high school students under great pressure. High school students have a high sense of alienation from society, environment and interpersonal relationships, and experience more negative emotions such as helplessness, loneliness, depression and anxiety that are not conductive to their healthy growth. According to Bronfenbrenner's ecosystem theory, family is an important micro-environment in teenagers’ life. Warm and democratic family environments help promote students’ mental health. Parental involvement plays an important role in shaping adolescents’ personality and emotional development. Thus, in the present study, our primary purpose was to examine the influence and potential mechanism of parents’ academic involvement on high school students’ negative emotions. In this study, participants were 1569 students in grade 10 and grade 11 (634 boys; Mage = 15.36 and 16.35 years, respectively) from three public and regular high school that located in Shanghai, China. Data were collected using student-reports of parents’ academic involvement, psychological control, quality of parent-child relationship, and negative emotions. Every participated student had an account and password to log into online assessment system and completed a series of measures. The statistical analyses in this study consisted of two steps. First, we conducted a preliminary analysis calculating descriptive statistics (means, SDs and correlations) for all study variables. Second, we examine the moderated mediation model between parental academic involvement and students’ negative emotions after controlling for gender and grade using Mplus 7.4. The results showed that: (1) parental academic involvement was positively associated with psychological control and quality of parent-child relationship, and negatively associated with students’ negative emotions; (2) quality of parent-child relationship had a mediating effect between parental academic involvement and negative emotions. The indirect effect of parental academic involvement on negative emotions through increasing quality of parent-child relationship is -.09 (95% CI [-.12, -.07], SE = .01, t = -.653, p < .001); (3) parental psychological control moderated the relation between parental academic involvement and quality of parent-child relationship. Parental academic involvement was both significantly associated with quality of parent-child relationship for students with high and low parental psychological control (B ＝ .47，B ＝ .39，ps < .001); (4) the relation between parental academic involvement and negative emotions was moderated by parental psychological control. Parental academic involvement was negatively associated with negative emotions for children with low parental psychological control (B ＝ -.13，p < .001), but not significant for children with high parental psychological control (B ＝ -.04，p > .05). This study contributes to deepen the understanding of the mediated moderating effects of parents’ academic involvement and students’ negative emotions among Chinese high school students. The present findings underscored the importance of parental academic involvement in decreasing students’ negative emotions through heightened quality of parent-child relationship, and also have implications for parents and educators to decrease parental psychological control during parents’ involvement in high school students’ learning. We suggest that parents should pay more positive attention to high school students, show more interest in their academic life, and communicate with them more friendly and listen to their ideas, which will help reduce students’ bad mood and improve their mental health. Related Articles | Metrics

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Triple P – Positive Parenting Program: A Review and Implications for Its Social and Cultural Acceptability in China Yang LIU Mingchun GUO 2020, 43(6): 1376-1383.  Abstract ( )   PDF   The quality of parenting plays a significant role in the development of children. Positive parenting practices have been shown to result in fewer emotional and behavioral problems, as well as better academic outcomes, self-regulation, social abilities, and language development in children and adolescents. Parenting programs, which are based on social learning models, are widely recognized as the “gold standard” for improving the quality of parenting to prevent behavioral problems and promote physical and mental health in children and adolescents. To better understand this kind of parenting programs and discuss the acceptability for Chinese parents, this paper uses the Positive Parenting Program (Triple P), an evidence-based parenting program, as an exemplar. The principles and content of Triple P draw on a variety of research and theories, including social learning theories, social information processing models, the public health model, and research in child and family behavior therapy, applied behavior analysis, parenting in everyday contexts, and developmental psychopathology. Based on these research and theoretic foundations, Triple P proposed five core positive parenting principles, including having a safe, interesting environment, having a positive learning environment, using assertive discipline, having realistic expectations, and taking care of yourself as a parent, which provides parents with positive strategies to raise their children in a constructive and non-hurtful harmful way. As children have different types and intensity of dysfunctions, Triple P incorporates five levels of intervention with different tailored variants and delivery formats, which could help serve different needs and preferences of parents. Several meta-analyses and systematic reviews of Triple P suggested positive effects of Triple P on parenting practices and children’s adjustments in both short term and long term. Moreover, Triple P has also been implemented and evaluated in China, including Hong Kong and Shanghai. The results support the positive effects of Group Triple P, but for Grandparent Triple P and the Discussion Group Triple P, the effects were limited. In addition, the possible limitations of Triple P were also discussed in the paper. First, the three strategies Triple P provides with parents for building positive relationships with children may not be specific and effective enough for them to deal with conflicts with their children or other complicated parent-child communication situations. Second, the lack of strategies for dealing with emotional problems in children and adolescents might weaken the effects of Triple P on Chinese families, especially because Chinese children had a higher level of internalizing problems than their peers in western countries. Taking the characteristics and needs of Chinese families into account, this paper also discussed the possible challenges researchers and practitioners might encounter when implementing this parenting program in the Chinese context. Considering social and cultural differences between China and western countries, Chinese families might experience several different parenting issues, such as the involvement of grandparents in childrearing and parenting issues relating to migrant and left-behind children. We argue that future research should further explore whether Triple P could help Chinese parents deal with these problems; and further research and adaptations are needed for Triple P to better serve the needs and preferences of Chinese families. Related Articles | Metrics

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The impact of task importance on the effectiveness of decision strategies 2020, 43(6): 1418-1424.  Abstract ( )   PDF   There are two information processing in the process of individual decision making which are shown as heuristic and analytical decision strategy, the former is generally characterized as quick, automatic and affective and the latter is considered to be slow, logical and analytic in nature. These two decision strategies have their own applicable conditions, decision task characteristics (task structure, task content, how the task is presented and task complexity) can affect their effectiveness. Due to the effect of task characteristics on strategy is hotly debated, we consider that existing studies have neglected subjectivity of decision maker in the experimental operation. Different individuals may have different perception on the same task, the same characteristic may be perceived as different. This research focused on the subjectivity of decision task characteristics and examined the impact of task importance on the two decision strategies. We at first investigated the impact through field experiment in real consumption situation and then further tested the results by manipulating related variables in the laboratory. Our hypothesis was that when the task was perceived important, the effect of analytical strategy was better than heuristic strategy; when the task was perceived not important, heuristic strategy was more effective. Study 1 was implemented at the exit of campus supermarket and the subjects were college students who had just finished consuming. The investigation involved the background information of the subjects and three questions which were importance of the commodity, the strategy used to select it and the satisfaction after purchasing by self-report questionnaire. Study 2 employed a 2 (importance: important vs. unimportant) ×2 (decision strategy: heuristic vs. analytical) between-subjects design. Importance was manipulated by relevance of decision results and decision strategy by instruction both accompanied by post testing. The dependent variable was post-decision satisfaction. Participants were assigned to different conditions to finish different course selection task and a series of post testing. In this study, participants' moods were measured when they fulfilled course selection task. The results showed that task importance has impact on the effectiveness of decision strategies. When task was perceived important, the effect of analytical strategy was better than heuristic strategy and when task was perceived not important, the effect of heuristic strategy was better. In better condition post satisfaction of subjects was higher. In this study, the differences of post satisfaction which various groups showed were not due to subjects' moods. Current research can contribute to further understanding the decision makers’ perceived task characteristics as well as the relationship between which and decision strategy. This research imply that the relationship as influence on decision quality. Moreover, our findings can also help to develop the relevant theories of behavioral decision making and provide a new idea for improving individual decision quality. Future research need to examine whether this result can be reflected in other variables such as behavior and behavioral tendencies, after all, subjective evaluation in this research is the most sensitive variable. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cognitive Objectification and Its Neural Mechanism 2020, 43(6): 1477-1482.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Related Articles | Metrics

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The Effect of Psychological Ownership on Voice: A Self-maintaining Model Li-Xue LIN 2020, 43(6): 1463-1469.  Abstract ( )   PDF   As a positive psychological resource, psychological ownership has long been emphasized in Chinese employees. Extant research has shed light on the effects of psychological ownership and receives adequate results. However, there is little research examining the factors inducing psychological ownership. Among the few researches addressing antecedents of psychological ownership, most scholars pay attention to a control-based view and contend that having control on the target contributes to the perception of psychological ownership. However, drawing on the roots of psychological ownership, having control on the target is not the exclusive route lead to psychological ownership. Instead, intimate knowing and investment to the target also serves to arouse the feeling of possession. Thus, the determinants of psychological ownership may far exceed the efficacious perceptions of controlling, to include also social exchange approach, which has been neglected in the previous literature. Social exchange theory asserts that providing a benefit to someone obligates the receiver to repay that benefit. Since the feeling of ownership is characterized as positive psychological resources, employees who perceive psychological ownership may treat it as an indicator of being organizational insiders. The enhanced perception of being insiders would thereby play the role of inducements and arouse employees’ obligation to reciprocate by investing efforts, which lead to the maintenance of psychological ownership. It is thus possible to contend that psychological ownership may conserve overtime, at least in part because the feeling of ownership elicits employees’ perceived insider status. In addition, driven by the sense of responsibility accompanying feelings of possesion, psychological ownership may induce employees to feel obligated and repay such a positive perception by offering discretionary and constructive behaviors intended to improve the situation. It is thus rational to suggest that when employees feel ownership towards their organization, they are highly possible to reciprocate by exhibiting voice behaviors. In addition to the mediating mechanism of psychological ownership, we also explore the boundary condition under which the mechanism occurs by investigating the moderating role of past-positive time orientation. As individuals with high past-positive time orientation tend to attribute their past experience as positive and glowing, they are more likely to attach importance to the benefits provided by organizations, and are thus more sensitive when perceiving positive perceptions. Therefore, the effect of psychological ownership on perceived insider status may be exaggerated among past-positive time orientated individuals. Using a sample including 467 employees and 103 supervisors, we adopted a 2-wave lagged design to examine the relationships among psychological ownership, perceived insider status, past-positive time orientation, and voice. Our findings indicated that psychological ownership is positively related to time 1-perceived insider status, perceived insider status is positively related to time 2-psychological ownership, and time 2-psychological ownership is positively related to voice. In addition, perceived insider status and time 2-psychological ownership sequentially mediate the relationship between time 1-psychological ownership and voice. Moreover, we also found a moderating effect of past-positive time orientation on the relationship between psychological ownership and perceived insider status. The theoretical and managerial implications of these results are discussed. We also discuss the strengths, limitations, and future directions for this study. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Impact and Mechanism of Online Coverage -Comment on Doctor-patient Dispute on Audience's Tendency to Trust Doctors Min-Quan CHAI Qian-qian TIAN Xian JianWang 2020, 43(6): 1411-1417.  Abstract ( )   PDF   At present, the situation of doctor-patient relationship in China is not optimistic. Many scholars believe that the media, especially the network media, have a profound impact on the perception of hospitals and doctors. However, few people have studied the mechanism of the influence of netizens' comments on doctor-patient relationship, let alone the cross-influence of online media reports and comments on doctor-patient relationship. Therefore, in order to clarify the mechanism of the influence of online media reports on doctor-patient trust, two experiments were conducted to explore how the consistency of network media reports and comments affects the audience's tendency to trust doctors. Two experiments using non-students as subjects were conducted in this research. A three (coverage direction: positive/neutral/negative) × three (comment direction: positive/neutral/ negative) between-subjects design was used in Experiment 1, which investigated the cross-influence of media coverage direction and network comment direction on the audience's tendency to trust doctors. Experiment 2 adds a variables (the nature of comment (factuality - emotion)) on the basis of experiment 1 to further explore the relationship between the content of comments and the audience's trust in doctors. In both experiments, the subjects were randomly assigned to one experimental condition. In order to verify the authenticity of the experimental materials, we invited 30 students to conduct a pre-test, mainly to verify whether they doubted the authenticity of the experimental materials. The results showed that no one disbelieved those. The results of these two experiments showed that the direction of media reporting, the direction of comment and the nature of comment content did not affect the audience's tendency to trust doctors alone. However, the three factors interact with the audience's tendency to trust doctors. Specifically, under the condition of positive report, especially when the direction of comment is negative, the factual comment content has a more negative impact on the audience's tendency to trust doctors than the emotional comment. For negative reports, subjects who read emotional positive comments had a higher tendency to trust doctors than those who read emotionally neutral comments.This study can make up for the blank of previous studies, enrich the theory of media reporting and doctor-patient trust, and have practical significance in building doctor-patient trust. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Influence of Materialism on The Social Symbolic Value of Luxury 2020, 43(6): 1398-1404.  Abstract ( )   PDF   With the rapid development of economy and people’s purchasing power, luxury consumption is becoming more and more popular. Previous studies found that materialists were more likely to buy luxury. However, the reason why materialism lead to luxury consumption was still unclear. In general, there were two important dimensions of luxuries’ value: functional value and social symbolic value, which influenced consumers’ purchase intention. Materialist preferred the status and prestige and paid more attention on the brand information. Thus, the current study hypothesized that compared with functional value, materialistic individuals were more likely to buy luxury with high social symbolic value. Meanwhile, we also suggested that public self-consciousness could mediated the relationship between materialism and the social symbolic value of luxury. Above all, 2 studies were conducted to test our hypotheses. In Study 1, 66 undergraduates were collected. Participants were asked to read several product advertisements about quality (functional value) or symbol and instructed to get as much useful information as possible within the limited time. At the same time, eye-tracking technology was used to assess the fix time of both symbolic and quality information. After reading the advertisements’ information, participants completed the Material Values Scale. The results found that, compared with low materialists, high materialists paid more attention on the information about symbolic rather than quality. In Study 2, 351 participants were assigned randomly to one of two conditions: high social symbolic condition (n = 175) and low social symbolic condition (n = 176). Firstly, they were asked to complete the Material Value Scale. Then, they read a brand introduction about David Yurman (a luxury brand). In high social symbolic condition, the introduction describable the brand has been well known and recognized by Chinese consumers. While, in low social symbolic condition, the introduction describable Chinese consumers are still unfamiliar with the brand. Finally, all participants rated their purchase intention of the product, and completed the Public Self-consciousness Scale. The results found that, high materialists would like to purchase luxury with high symbolic meaning value. Meanwhile, public self-consciousness played the mediating role between materialism and purchase intension of luxury with high symbolic meaning value. The results of the current study indicated that materialists have higher public self-consciousness, thus they were more likely to buy luxury with high symbolic value. Moreover, this study provided strategic implication for advertisement in boosting the social value of the product in order to attract consumers. Related Articles | Metrics

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Contextual Influence on “The Primacy of WarmthEffect”： Evidence from Peer Nomination Research Test 2020, 43(6): 1384-1390.  Abstract ( )   PDF   The “Big Two” model in social cognition demonstrating two basic dimensions when people are making sense of individual or groups: perceived warmth (including warmth, friendliness, cooperation, morality and trustworthiness) and perceived competence (related to goal pursuit attributes, including intelligence, competence, assertiveness). Previous research also explored the relationship between warmth and competence, and found the existence of “the primacy of warmth effect”: warmth judgments are primary. As previous research indicated that context might have moderate effect on “the primacy of warmth effect” , this study carry forward to verifythat whether contextual factor may strength or weaken “the primacy of warmth effect”. Moreover, the present study used peer nomination research paradigm to explore how context influenced the “the primacy of warmth effect” from independent and interdependent perspectives which have higher ecological validity than previous research paradigm for study of “the primacy of warmth effect”. Study 1 examined the contextual effect on “the primacy of warmth effect” from the independent perspective of warmth and competence. The subjects were asked to nominate three people who met the situational requirements and rate their warmth and competence independently. One hundred and twelve university students were assigned to a 2 (context: social orientation vs. work-oriented) × 2 (dimension: warmth vs. competence) within-participants design. The results of study 1 showed “the primacy of warmth effect” significantly showed up under the social orientation context, however, disappeared in the work-oriented condition because of the weakening effect of context. Study 2 examined the effect of context on “the primacy of warmth” from the interdependent perspective of warmth and competence. Participants nominated three people and rated their warmth and competence interdependently(total points of warmth and competence were 100). One hundred and two participants were recruited in campus and assigned to a within-participants design, in which the dependent variable was context(social orientation vs. work-oriented). The results showed that, both under the social orientation and work-oriented context, there were significant “the primacy of warmth effect”; however, the size of effect of “ the primacy of warmth effect” under work-oriented context was smaller than it under the social orientation, which meant that in the work-oriented context, the weakening effect of context decreased “the primacy of warmth effect”. Taken together, the present study found that: 1) participants gave judgements in a way of “the primacy of warmth effect” under the social orientation from both the independent and interdependent perspective; 2) the salience of work-oriented context for competence was contrary to the manifestation of “the primacy of warmth effect”: from the independent perspective, the weakening effect of context makes the manifestation of “the primacy of warmth effect” impossible; From the interdependent perspective, “the primacy of warmth effect” was stronger enough and wouldn’t be restrained by the weakening effect of context. The present study suggested that context moderate “the primacy of warmth effect”, and “the primacy of warmth effect” would be weakened in work-oriented context. Related Articles | Metrics

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Peer justice climate: Conceptualization, measurements, effects and future directions Huai-Yong WANG 2020, 43(6): 1446-1455.  Abstract ( )   PDF   A lot of research has shown that team members often come to share common evaluations of fairness, known as justice climate. Most of past studies tend to emphasize the fairness with which people are treated by those formal authorities in power. In fact, teams can estimate the fairness of the stakeholders that do not have formal authority over each other, their peers. Scholars in this area of organizational justice normally distinguish between them, formerly referred to as authority justice climate, defined as the team members' shared perceptions about the fairness of (formal) authorities, lastly referred to as peer justice climate, defined as teams’ shared perceptions about the way team members, who do not have formal authority over each other, treat one another. Previous researchers articulated the construct of peer justice climate, and suggested that it included at least three dimensions: distributive, procedural, and interpersonal. Peer distributive justice climate refers to the extent to which teammates receive what they deserve based on their contribution. Peer procedural justice climate refers to perceived fairness of the procedures and decision-making process within the team. Peer interpersonal justice climate refers to the perceived quality of interpersonal treatment from teammates. Subsequently, scholars made a more thorough examination of the structure of peer justice climate, and found that the structure was best represented by a hierarchical approach. At the first level were the three specific facets of peer justice climate: distributive, procedural and interpersonal. These dimensions, though distinguishable, were correlated. At the second level, they all loaded on a global second-order dimension (peer overall justice climate). In addition, past studies on the effects of peer justice climate indicated that peer justice climate was significantly related to satisfaction with one’s teammates and performance. Furtherly, teamwork quality mediated the relationship between peer justice climate and outcome variables (unit level citizenship behavior and satisfaction with teammates). In other words, peer justice boosts the quality of interaction among team members. This enhanced quality, in turn, engenders favorable attitudes and OCB. Based on these studies, future research should focus on the following aspects: (1explore furtherly the antecedents of peer justice climate. (2) From the perspective of team-member exchange, choose more variables about teamwork process (e.g., conflict, coordination) and emergent states (e.g., team identity, group morale), to reveal the underlying mechanisms of the effects of peer justice climate. (3) Test the moderating roles of new variables, such as peer justice climate strength, justice orientation, and group power distance etc. play in the relationship between peer justice climate and team effectiveness. (4) Use the longitudinal design to conduct more research on peer justice climate. (5) Based on Chinese unique culture, choose more relevant variable, such as team collectivistic orientation, intra-team guanxi and team value etc. conduct more research on peer justice climate. Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between Psychological Detachment and Life Satisfaction of Preschool Teachers: the Moderating Effect of Family Stress Xing-Liang Qi 2020, 43(6): 1432-1437.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Time after work is the time to recover from work. Psychological detachment is an important process of work recovery. Release from work is beneficial to relieving the impact of work stress on workers' physical and mental health. However, as the main place of workers' spare time life, the burden it brings to workers may affect workers' psychological detachment. Many studies have found that working at home may reduce psychological detachment of workers, but few studies have examined the role of stress directly from family in the process of psychological detachment. Family stress may regulate the relationship between psychological detachment and health of workers. As a typical subject group in work stress research, preschool teachers are more likely to be observed. Because of the high proportion of females, their interaction between family stress and psychological detachment may be different . In this study, 215 preschool teachers in Jiangsu province were selected as subjects. We investigated the mechanism of family stress affecting psychological detachment. In this study, SPSS was used to analyze data. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the mean and standard deviation of each variable. Pearson product difference correlation method was used to calculate the correlation coefficients among variables. Regression analysis was used to examine the moderating effect of family stress on the relationship between psychological detachment and life satisfaction. This study found that family stress can reduce the promoting effect of psychological relief on life satisfaction. Specifically, when the level of family stress is low, life satisfaction increases as the understanding goes. When family stress levels were high, the covariant relationship did not show up. The results suggest that family stress can affect the psychological relief process of workers. The results could extend the stress-release model and support the resource retention theory and the effort-recovery model. However, there are still some limitations in this study. First, cross-sectional design is adopted in this study. Cross-sectional study design could not determine causality. Further research may establish a causal relationship based on it. Second, the results of this study describe only one phenomenon, that is, the family environment may affect the effectiveness of one’s work recovery. However, the mechanism of this phenomenon needs to be further explored. Future research may examine more variables that reflect the mechanism, such as family-work boundary awareness. Related Articles | Metrics

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An ERPs Study of Spontaneous Deceptive Decision-making Process and Outcome Evaluation Process 2020, 43(6): 1391-1397.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Previous studies have investigated the executive control process of deceptive behavior. There is a relative lack of electrophysiological mechanism of spontaneous deception of adolescents from the perspective of decision-making processing. Combined with event-related potential (ERPs), this study used dots task and timely feedback paradigm to explore the intrinsic mechanism of adolescents' spontaneous deception. In this study, 34 college students were selected as paid volunteers, of which 2 were due to artifacts seriously, processing data were excluded, finally got 32 effective participants (14 girls, average age 20.22 ±1.58). In this experiment, the dots task was used to control the level of spontaneous deception of the participates, and timely feedback paradigm was used to manipulate the outcome evaluation of the participates. In the experimental task, 20 black spots were randomly arranged in the left and right boxes of the computer screen(13: 7, 14: 6 , 15: 5), and the corresponding integral values (10, 20, 100) were presented. It is possible that the participants will get a corresponding integral value when they choose a box. The computer will give feedback on the outcome after each choice, including failed deception, successful deception and honesty. The participates were told that they could only withdraw from the experiment if they had accumulated 10,000 integral values. Meanwhile, participants' EEGs were recorded by a 64-channel ERPs equipment while they were taking the experimental task. In the decision-making process, the resulting amplitudes of P300 were entered into 2 elicited conditions (high reward, low reward) × 2 reactions (honesty, deception) ANOVAs for repeated measures. In the outcome evaluation process, FRN amplitude were entered into 2 elicited conditions (high reward, low reward) × 3 feedback types ( failed deception, successful deception, honesty) ANOVAs for repeated measures. ERPs analysis revealed that the main effect of deceptive reaction type was significant, (F (126) = 10.73, p <0.01, η2 ≤0.29), that is, deceptive decision-making elicited more higher amplitude of P300 than honest decision-making (Mdeceptive＝2.79±0.49μV; Mhonest＝1.67±0.55μV). The main effect of outcome evaluation type was significant, (F (250) = 10.63, p < 0.01, η2≤0.30), compared with successful deception feedback and honest feedback, failed deception feedback elicited more negative FRN (p＜0.01). There was no significant difference in FRN elicited by successful deception feedback and honest feedback(Msuccessful deception＝-3.08±0.75μV; Mfailed deception＝-6.69±1.09μV; Mhonest＝-3.06±0.75μV). These results revealed that individuals who make deceptive decision require more attention resource and mental efforts than honest decisions. Compared with successful deception feedback and honest feedback, they are more sensitive to failed deception feedback. It’s not only help to better understand the dynamic mechanism of adolescents spontaneous deception, but also lays a research foundation for educators to take necessary measures to reduce and prevent the deceptive behavior of adolescents. Related Articles | Metrics

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Considering the Reciprocal Relationship between Meaning in Life and Prosocial Behavior: A Cross-lagged Analysis Qun LIU Shu-Yue ZHANG 2020, 43(6): 1438-1445.  Abstract ( )   PDF   The presence of meaning (MLP) is individual's understanding of themselves, the world around them and their position in the world, as well as their missions, goals and purpose of life. According to the Self-determination Theory, individuals with higher MLP may have strong internal motivation to act in line with goals and conduct of prosocial behaviors (PB). This research aimed to examine the two-way relationship between the MLP and PB of college students. In Study 1, the presence sub-scale of Meaning in Life Questionnaire and Prosocial Tendencies Measure were administered for 2375 students from 15 universities within 10 provinces in China. The results showed that the MLP was significantly correlated with PB. After controlling gender and age, MLP could significantly predict PB, which can explain 8% of variation in PB. In turn, PB could also significantly predict MLP, which can explain 8% of variation in MLP. MLP could significantly predict dire, public, altruism, compliant, emotional and anonymous PB. That is to say, the higher the degree of MLP, the higher the individual's score in six different types of PB; public, altruism and anonymous PB had a significant positive predictive effect on MLP. In Study 2, cross-track lag analysis method was used to investigate reciprocal relationship between MLP and PB. This study was conducted three times on the MLP and PB of 878 students from a university in Sichuan. The second survey (T2) was scheduled 3 months after the initial survey (T1), and the last survey (T3) was placed 6 months after the completion of T2. After controlling gender and age, cross lagged analysis shows that MLP at T1 could positively predict their PB at T2, and MLP at T2 could also further positively predict their PB at T3. However, their PB at T1 could positively predict MLP at T2, while PB at T2 could not significantly predict MLP at T3. Specifically, after controlling gender and age，MLP at T1 had a significant positive predictive effect on dire, altruism, and emotional PB at T2；Except for public PB, MLP at T2 could positively predict the other five types of PB at T3. But in turn, only altruism PB at T1 had a significant positive effect on MLP at T2. The results of this study show that MLP and PB can promote each other, MLP can predict PB positively. To a certain extent PB can also predict MLP, but the predictive effect is not stable; MLP had a significant positive influence on altruism, emotional, anonymous, compliant and dire PB, but only altruism PB had a significant positive effect on MLP. Related Articles | Metrics

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Differences of trust levels between intuitive processing and deliberate processing in the positive reciprocity 2020, 43(6): 1470-1476.  Abstract ( )   PDF   The dual-process theory is the theoretical basis for distinguishing intuitive processing from deliberate processing. In recent years, exploring behaviour in economic games from a dual-process perspective has attracted wide attention of researchers, and the research conclusions are different. Some researchers have argued that intuition favors altruistic behavior and deliberation leads to selfishness. Whereas others have contended that people are predisposed towards selfishness and altruism comes from deliberateness. Positive reciprocity refers to the behavior that an individual is willing to sacrifice personal interests to return goodwill, and whether this kind of reward behavior also exists this kind of processing process difference. According to the pre-experiment, the time limit for obtaining intuitive processing was 6000ms. The pocket money (i.e. the initial amount) owned by the investors was 200 RMB, 500 RMB, 700 RMB, 1000 RMB and 1300 RMB respectively. The investment plan is, the investor has y RMB, he invested x RMB in the agent which is the participant, the agent also invested y RMB, the total profit after the profit is 2x RMB, how much of the profit does the agent have to return to the investor. According to Thompson, Turner and Pennycook (2011)’ two-response paradigm, using 2 (processing types: intuitive processing vs. deliberate processing) x 3 (trust level: low vs. medium vs. high) within-subjects design, trust level operation for investors to invest 10%, 2 medium 0%, 30% of the initial value after the integer to the low trust, 40%, 50%, 60% after the integer of trust, 70%, 80% and 90% after taking the high trust, the dependent variable is the return ratio (the return of the amount/the total profit amount), conflict feelings, and reaction time. With the return ratio as the dependent variable, 2×3 repeated measures analysis of variance found that level of trust and interaction, the way of processing F (2,178)= 10.30, p < 0.001, partial η2= 0.104, simple effect analysis found that 1) During intuitive processing, the return ratio of the high trust is significantly higher than that of medium trust (95% CI = [0.028, 0.152]) and low trust (95% CI = [0.033, 0.152]), F(10,2) =7.00, p =0.002, partial η2=0.137, the difference of the two laters was not significant; during deliberate processing, the return ratio of the medium trust is fewer than that of the high trust ( 95% CI = [-0.139,-0.019]), which is greater than that of the low trust (95% CI = [0.001, 0.148]), F (10,2) = 10.89, p < 0.001, partial η2= 0.198. 2)The return ratio of the intuition processing in low trust is significantly higher than that of the deliberate processing, F(1,89) = 5.98, p = 0.016, partial η2= 0.063, 95% CI = [0.007, 0.063]. Under the medium trust (F(1,89)= 10.16, p= 0.002, partial η2= 0.102, 95% CI = [0.016, 0.067]) and the high trust (F(1,89)=6.35, p= 0.014, partial η2= 0.067, 95% CI = [0.006, 0.050]), the return ratio of the deliberate processing were significantly higher than that of the intuitive one. With the conflict feelings as dependent variable, using 2×3 repeated measures analysis of variance found that the main effect of the trust level is significant, F(1,178)=12.54, p<0.001, partial η2 =0.113, Post HOC multiple comparision shows that the conflict feelings of the medium trust (2.81±0.11) is significantly higher than those of the high one (2.37±0.10) and the low trust (2.34±0.09),and the difference of the two latters was not significant. The result indicates that during the deliberate processing the psychology (i.e. the conflict feelings) in the positive reciprocity is the same to the behavior (i.e. the conflict feelings):the higher trust, the more altruistic behaviors, whereas the psychological and behavioral separation occurred during the intuitive processing. Further analysis shows that, the behavior of the instinct processing demonstrated the altruistic characteristic under the lower trust, that of the deliberate one became elfishness. However, when the middle trust and high trust, the intuitive behavior shows the egoistic characteristics, and becomes altruistic after deliberate processing. Related Articles | Metrics

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Multi-disciplinary reflections and integration construction strategies of Public Psychological Service System 2020, 43(6): 1483-1489.  Abstract ( )   PDF   The Public Psychological Service System(PPSS) is complex and hard to construct. Although previous theoretical discussions and practical exploration have delivered some achievement, people still do not establish a unified view on many aspects of PPSS. Indeed, even the Public Psychological Service(PPS) itself remains controversial. In order to further explore the optimal constructing of the system, the present study addressed reflections of the PPSS from multiple disciplines that are closely related to the PPSS. Theoretical reflections base on five perspectives. Social psychological health service is an important part of PPS because of the historical root. PPS is an extension of school psychological health education. From the management perspective, PPS provides a new psychological mothed for social governance. Philosophically, the fundamental value of PPS is human-oriented. Psychologically, PPS should follow the general laws of psychology and pay close attention to social mentality. Sociologically, the role of PPS is to promote human's socialization, and the complexity of society determines the complexity of PPS. Practice reflections contain five aspects. First, some pilot areas perceive PPS as psychological health service and overwhelmingly emphasis on individual psychological health but not macro social mentality. Second, some pilot areas rely too much on psychological professionals, and in terms of the awareness and actions of the multi-subjects of PPS, it is still far from enough. Third, some pilot areas regard PPS as a kind of tool of social risk prevention and control, neglect its aim of serving people’s psychological development. Fourth, some pilot areas focus to resolve specific people’s psychological problems, failing to meet the majority of ordinary people's basic psychological development needs. Finally, excessive emphasis on psychological counseling actually exaggerates the role of psychological counseling in PPS and is also a manifestation of the simplification of PPS. Indeed, PPSS is not only a complex system but also an organic whole. To construct this system, it needs to integrate ideas and use a systemic approach to scientifically arrange all aspects of the system. It mainly includes the following strategies: First, it needs to unify thinking and understanding about PPSS, and establish “people-oriented” values, a goal of “positive development”, a “comprehensive and complete” view of the object, a "scientific and systematic" evaluation idea. Second, it should strengthen organizational leadership, such as form a work leading group led by at least the chief of local administration, clarify the specific responsibilities of each department, and further smooth the operation mechanism. Third, it should sufficiently utilize modern technology to improve the integration and utilization of resources. Such as use the Internet to bring together psychology-related professionals, use the Internet of Things to share the mental instruments and devices, and use big data to integrate various information of the clients. Fourth, it should optimize team building and unite service synergy through enlarging the talent team, attaching importance to professional guidance and strengthening team management. Fifth, it should focus on socialist core values and integrate service content, and infiltrate socialist core values in publicity of psychological health knowledge, psychological health education, and psychological crisis intervention, etc. Last, it should highlight local characteristics and integrate public psychological service into the lives of the masses. The construction of PPSS must be combined with the characteristics of Chinese society, focusing on the in-depth exploration and integration of local cultural resources, and taking a crowd-pleasing approach. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Bootstrap Interval Estimation in Misspecification of Cognitive Diagnosis Model wenyi Wang Li-Jun ZHU Xiao-Ming FANG 2020, 43(6): 1498-1505.  Abstract ( )   PDF   In the field of cognitive diagnosis, the research about reliability is a relatively new area. In the field of psychology measurement, model-data fit test of cognitive diagnosis test is an important theme. The present methods about calculating the attribute reliability of cognitive diagnosis are only point estimation, and they can't provide the accuracy of the estimation. Interval estimation not only gives a range of estimation, but also gives the accuracy. Therefore, it is important to report confidence interval of reliability of cognitive diagnosis test. Model-data fit test of cognitive diagnosis test is mainly to study the validity and sensitivity of the statistics. In practice, practitioners don't know the model that really fits the data. When choosing a model, it is necessary to determine which model is more appropriate by using the model-data fit test. This study explored the performance about estimating average of reliability and standard error by bootstrap method in model misspecification. Markon and Chmielewski (2013) studied the relationship between the error designation and the reliability of the general response model of psychology. The study found that using the wrong model in the process of data analysis would reduce the reliability of the test. Then, can we study the overall fitting of model data from other angles? Based on this, The purpose of this study was to study the overall fitness of cognitive diagnosis model data from the perspective of reliability. Using the three cognitive models of DINA, GDINA and RRUM, from the perspective of reliability, we compared the average of attribute-level classification consistency reliability, standard error and other indicators in the Bootstrap interval estimation under different sample sizes, number of questions and number of attributes. The study tested -2LL, AIC, BIC selection rate of the correct model, and their effect in the model misunderstanding. The results indicated that the attribute classification consistency and the standard error performed well in the whole study by bootstrap method estimating. The correct selection rate of bootstrap method was equal to that of AIC and BIC in which DINA generating model was. When generating model was GDINA, correct selection rate of bootstrap method was the same as that of BIC, but it was better than that of AIC. When generating model was RRUM, correct selection rate was better than that of BIC, but it was not as good as that of AIC. The correct selection rate of bootstrap method increased with the increase of the number of subjects. In this study, the attribute classification average reliability and standard error estimated by Bootstrap interval from the perspective of reliability, were used as indicators to investigate their performance in model misunderstanding. In summary, the average and standard error of attribute-level classification consistency were applied in the misunderstanding of cognitive diagnosis model, and it was compared with other commonly used overall model data. Under the conditions, the effects of their misunderstanding in the model were investigated. This research would provide new ideas for model data fitting research. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect Analysis of Individualized Remedial Teaching based on Cognitive Diagnostic Assessment: Taking “Linear Equation with One Unknown” as An Example 2020, 43(6): 1490-1497.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Based on the idea of "assessment for learning" and aiming at promoting students' learning, the assessment pattern of objectively quantifying the learning status and providing diagnostic feedback has been increasingly valued. Cognitive diagnostic assessments (CDAs) aim to provide individualized diagnostic feedback for each student, clarify students' learning status, and provide a reference for follow-up students' self-remedy and teachers' targeted remedial teaching. To achieve the ultimate goal of effectively promoting students' learning, the effectiveness of remedial teaching based on cognitive diagnosis is very important. However, currently, limited studies focus on evaluating the effectiveness of remedial teaching. One of the main reasons is that the cross-sectional design is adopted by most CDAs, which means that only one assessment is done at a specific testing time point. This issue may also reflect on the development of existing cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs). Although various CDMs have been proposed, most of them are only applicable to cross-sectional data analysis. In recent years, the longitudinal data collected from the CDAs throughout the learning process provides researchers with the chance to develop learning diagnosis models, that can be adapted to track individual growth over time and to evaluate remedial teachings' effectiveness. Compared to the cross-sectional CDA, longitudinal CDA is more helpful when aiming to promote students' development. Under such a background, in longitudinal CDAs, the effect analysis of individualized remedial teaching is a very interesting topic. To explore the effectiveness of individualized remedial teaching based on the longitudinal CDA, this research is divided into four stages: test development stage, preliminary testing stage, formal testing stage, and individualized remedial teaching stage. In test development stage, two parallel cognitive diagnostic tests were compiled by taking the chapter of "linear equation with one unknown" as an example, including the Volume A and Volume B. Two parallel tests both require six attributes and have the same Q-matrix (the order of the rows in two Q-matrices is different), including (A1) basic concept of linear equation; (A2) algebra rules; (A3) solving linear equation; (A4) recognition of implicit conditions; (A5) simple application of the linear equation; and (A6) complex application of the linear equation. In the preliminary testing stage, there are 74 seventh-grade students take part in the testing. The two tests are combined into one and the test time is 80 minutes. Based on the analysis via classical test theory, the results indicated that two tests both have good quality and meet the requirements of parallel tests. In the formal testing stage, there are 329 seventh-grade students (85 in the urban area and 244 in the rural area) take part in the testing. Volume A is used and the test time is 40 minutes. Three CDMs, including the DINA, DINO, and GDINA models, were used to fit the data. The model-data fit indices (AIC and BIC) preferred the DINA model as the best fitting model. Further, the results of the DINA model found that the mastery of attributes by urban students is better than that by rural students. In the individualize remedial testing stage, 22 rural students were sampled and divided into two groups on average: the CDA-based remedial teaching group and the traditional remedial teaching group. In the first group, students received one-to-one remedies from the teacher according to the diagnostic feedback that focuses on non-mastery attributes. By contrast, students in the second group received one-to-one remedies from the teacher according to the incorrect item responses. By comparing the effect of CDA-based individualized remedial teaching and traditional remedial teaching, it is found that both remedial methods can improve students' performance and the effect of CDA-based individualized remedial teaching is significantly better than that of traditional remedial teaching(F(1) = 51.62, P < .001). Overall, the results of this study indicated that the CDA-based individualized remedial teaching can effectively promote students' learning. The results of this study also provide a practical basis for practitioners to use CDA to promote students' learning. Related Articles | Metrics

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Overview on Researches of Night Eating Syndrome 2020, 43(6): 1514-1521.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Night eating syndrome（NES）is characterized by morning loss of appetite, evening hyperphagia or nocturnal awakening to eat, and is associated with sleep problems. NES has been described as a unique combination of an eating disorder, a sleep disorder and a mood disorder and is now included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-V) as an Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder. With the development of the national economy, the pace of life of Chinese is becoming quicker and quicker. The growing pressure of life and competition may result in an unhealthy life style, which might further lead to an irregular diet. According to studies available, NES is associated with life stress, psychoneurotocism, low mood, and adverse reactions to weight loss and its comorbidities include eating disorders, overweight and obesity, sleep disorders, depression, anxiety, and substance abuse. Night eating syndrome is of importance clinically, of which development and maintenance is likely to be influenced by physiological, psychological, and social factors. Although the disorder has gained a great deal of attention in recent years, neural mechanisms of NES remain understudied in contrast to other eating disorders. Stunkard et al. (2009) proposed a biobehavioral model for NES, which is based on the function of the serotonin system and supported by a one single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) study. It predicts that the interaction of stress and genetic vulnerability may elevates the serotonin transporters (SERT) levels in the midbrain, leading circadian delay and decreased satiety through the serotonin system. Additionally, the role of prefrontal and limbic system dysregulation in the development and maintenance of NES is plausible. The model suggests that the decrease of cognitive and behavioral self-regulation could be produced by the prefrontal and limbic brain, which could further increase reward sensitivity to palatable food in the evening and night in persons with NES. To sum up, this study summarized physiological or neural mechanisms of NES and discussed inadequacies of these models. Notably, the review of the literature on the treatment of NES in the last 10 years shows a variety of strategies including pharmacologic treatments such as sertraline and other SSRIs, topiramate, agomelatine, psychological treatments such as cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), progressive muscle relaxation (PMR), and several other treatment alternatives such as phototherapy (PT), exercise and lifestyle interventions. However, the treatment of the syndrome is still in its infancy. For instance, the long-term therapeutic effects and internal mechanism of topiramate and agomelatine have not been determined and justify further studies involving these substances and similar medications. The future research should focus on the following aspects: (a) to explore the diagnosis of NES and make the measurement of it enriched, (b) to further explore the pathogenesis of NES, (c) to develop the treatment of NES, including alternative pharmacological and combination therapies (pharmacological, phototherapy, weight loss and dietary, and psychological interventions), (d) to increase localization studies in China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Mind is Principle: The Effect of Self-concept on Meaning in life 2020, 43(6): 1506-1513.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Meaning in life is besides a puzzling academic undertaking, also a daily topic. Human request for their own unique sense of meaning links to their efforts to cope with their anxiety for the unavoidable death. But factors influencing people’s meaning in life still puzzle themselves. Essentially, based on the deep understanding themselves and their relatedness to the world, people will construct their own unique sense of meaning in life. However, meaning in life originates from ones' self-concept according to Yangming Theory of Mind. Self-concept includes the cognitive component regarding who I am and the evaluation component regarding how I feel about myself. It focuses on the content and organization of self-knowledge. A stable and clear self-concept enables individuals to understand themselves, the world and relatedness to the world more accurately, and to understand their life experiences from the perspectives of a long-term goal and a higher level, and then to grasp the meaning which is hided in various life events. In order to test the effect of self-concept on meaning in life, the present study designed a field experiment with the subjects of 68 college students. We manipulated self-concept(increasing vs. decreasing) using reading materials, and then measured the relevant variables with the Wallace Self Concept Scale(WSCS), and the Presence of Meaning subscale in Meaning in Life Questionnaire(MLQ-P), the Sense of Meaning and Purpose Subscale in Purpose in Life Test, and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale-B. The results of self-reports indicated that meaning in life in the increased group with high self-concept was significantly higher than that in the decreased group with low self-concept after controlling of the pre-test effects of meaning in life as well as positive and negative effects. According to the characteristic of preference regarding cognitive processing information consistent with their self, individuals will give priority to the processing the vocabulary consistent with their self-concept. Firstly, we need a pool of vocabulary as the study materials. A former research provided us a pool of double-word vocabulary which represent high and low meaning in life, respectively. The results showed that there were significant differences in valence and arousal, but not in familiarity between 110 words representing high meaning in life and 88 words representing low meaning in life. The findings suggested that these words can be used as experimental materials to differentiate high and low levels of meaning in life in college students. And then, we did a behavioral experiment regarding words retention for a purpose of test indirectly the effect of self-concept on meaning in life. The results of words retention showed that participants in the high self-concept group were good at words representing high meaning in life rather than words representing low meaning in life, and participants in the low self-concept group were good at words representing low meaning in life rather than words representing high meaning in life. These findings suggested that there was a significant difference in meaning in life between the two groups. In sum, the above findings revealed directly and indirectly that self-concept affected meaning in life in college students. And the findings suggest that forming a strong sense of self based on the positive self-concept is the fundamental way to construct the meaning in life. Related Articles | Metrics

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The View of Mind-Body Relation From the Perspective of Psychoanalysis Lei Zhang WANG Lijun 2020, 43(6): 1522-1528.  Abstract ( )   PDF   The mind-body problem is a topic of great significance which have long been explored by human beings. The enduring interest of this topic sprouts from a concern for the life origin , as well as from the thinking of the duality of consciousness and matter. Experts in varied disciplines present different points of view on the topic. It is worth mentioning that both the mind and the body are the subjects of psychoanalysis. Thus psychoanalysis is a good perspective to study the mind-body problem. Actually, psychoanalysts have many unique insights about the mind-body relation, among which there are three main viewpoints for specific performance: body as the base of mind, body as the symbol of mind and body interwoven with mind. According to Freud, body was the base of mind, because body played a critical role in psychoanalytic concept construction and mental development. However, the ego psychologists and the Kleinian regarded body as the symbol of mind. The ego psychoanalysts thought mind was influenced by the body symptom, while the keinian thought body influenced mind with the symbol of its function. In addition, Wilfred Bion and Donald Winnicott put it forward that body and mind were intertwined, and considered body and mind as two sides of a coin. They stressed the emotion based on the body, returning to Freud in a different way. The three viewpoints not only reflect the different psychoanalysts’ differentiation on the methodology, the epistemology and the ontology, but also contain the collision of the natural science and the humanities in psychoanalysis. On the methodology, Freud, Hartmann and Klein all accepted the reductionism.,all of who want to find a ultimate cause for the relation of mind and body. Bion thought that the development of the mind-body was obscure, it didn’t follow the law of cause and effect. So, it could not be simply reduced. On the epistemology, Freud was a monist while Hartmann and Klein seemed more likely to agree with dualism. On the ontology, Freud, Hartmann and Klein never considered the mind-body relation as the foundation of the psychoanalysis directly; Bion and Winnicott described the original state of the mind-body relation boldly, with which they further study the topic on the foundation of the interwoven state of mind and body. Furthermore, the different views on psychoanalysis reveal the influence of the humanities and the natural science on the psychoanalysis, and provide a good example for resolving the dualism between the humanities and the natural science. Therefore, the mind-body viewpoints from the perspective of psychoanalysis are very important. It can not only make a contribution for the realization of the theoretical core of the mind-body problem in the psychoanalysis, but also make for a conclusion of the differentiation of the different theory schools in psychoanalysis. It also provide novel perspectives for other branches of psychology and other fields. Furthermore, in order to improve the theory of mind-body in psychoanalysis, future research should also pay close attention to the development of different disciplines such as phenomenology of body, neurobiology, cognitive psychology and so on. Related Articles | Metrics