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The Design of Cognitive Diagnostic Test Blueprints 2011, 34(2): 258-265.  Abstract ( )   PDF (713KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of the Rule Space Model in Raven's Intelligence Tests 2011, 34(2): 266-271.  Abstract ( )   PDF (523KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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The Cognitive Diagnosis of English Reading Problem Solvinig 2011, 34(2): 272-277.  Abstract ( )   PDF (496KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Reading leading format texts: Effect of window, display speed and font size 2011, 34(2): 278-283.  Abstract ( )   PDF (533KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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The Influence of Emotional Valence and Intensity on Vocabulary Processing 2011, 34(2): 284-288.  Abstract ( )   PDF (393KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the explicit and implicit self-esteem of the individuals with social phobia Xiao chong-hao 2011, 34(2): 289-292.  Abstract ( )   PDF (361KB) ( )   Cognitive models of social phobia, such as Schema theory of social phobia, model of social phobia，and cognitive-behavioral model of social phobia, suggested that social phobia results from the dysfunctional self-schema. According to these theories, social phobia is developed and maintained due to schema containing dysfunctional beliefs that individuals with social phobia hold about themselves and expectations of how they believe they should behave in situations of social interaction. In order to explore whether the individuals with social phobia have dysfunctional self-schema, 40 high social phobia individuals(HSPIs) and 30 low social phobia individuals(LSPIs) were asked to response to the self-esteem scale and complete the implicit association task. The result showed that HSPIs had lower scores on the self-esteem scale than LSPIs, but they all have positive implicit self-esteem, and had no significant difference on IAT. The results did not support the cognitive models of social phobia. It is discussed in term of the self-presentation, Human have a general need to be liked, valued, and approved of by others in order to develop supportive peer relationships and engage successfully in social relationships. In order to be approvaled by others, the individuals in social situation must meet the need or expectation of the sudience. This paper further suggested that the disorder of social phobia is developed and maintained by a process of comparison between the indivuduals’ belief of how the audience views him or her and the belief of what standards are expected for him or her by the audience. The discrepancy between these two beliefs determines the perceived estimation of negative evaluation from other people and result to social anxiety. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cognitive Control in Visual Image Scanning San-Cai LIANG 2011, 34(2): 293-290.  Abstract ( )   PDF (329KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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An Eye Movement Study of the Influence of Cognitive Styles on Study Transfer 2011, 34(2): 297-300.  Abstract ( )   PDF (348KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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The Influence of Non-Abundant Process Time on Above and Below-Average Effects 2011, 34(2): 301-305.  Abstract ( )   PDF (382KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Positive Emotion Regulation: An ERP Study 2011, 34(2): 306-311.  Abstract ( )   PDF (560KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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The Temporal Process Difference of Emotional Prosody in Real Pseudo-Sentence Processing: Evidence from an ERP Study 2011, 34(2): 312-316.  Abstract ( )   PDF (432KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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The Role of Emotions in Self-control 2011, 34(2): 317-321.  Abstract ( )   PDF (461KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental Study of Attentional Bias to Negative Emotion Facial Expressions in High Trait Anger Individuals Da JunZHANG Yun-Bo LIU 2011, 34(2): 322-327.  Abstract ( )   PDF (564KB) ( )   Abstract: Objective Trait anger is a general tendency to react angrily to perceive situations, and it is individual differences in anger proneness such as the tendency to perceive a wide range of situations as annoying or frustrating, and the disposition to respond to such situations with elevations in state anger. Many studies focused on high trait anger individual’s attentional bias，but previous studies had no unanimous conclusion about whether high trait anger participants have attentional bias to negative stimulus, so this study aims to investigate whether there is attentional bias to negative emotion facial expressions in high trait anger individuals. Methods Visual dot probe task was used in this study, and stimulus are real facial expressions including anger, fear, sadness, neutral and happy faces. A 2 (high trait anger / low trait anger) × 5 (happy / neutral / angry / sad / fear) × 2 (identical side / opposite side) mixed design was held to compare the reaction time deviations to different emotion facial expressions with detecting probe at different side in the high trait anger participants and the low trait anger participants（high trait anger: n=23,low trait anger: n=23）in the condition of stimulus presentation time 500ms. E-Prime program was used to present the stimulus and to record the reaction time and accuracy to stimulus of all subjects in the visual dot probe task. SPSS was used and Repeated Measurement ANOVA was made. Both the main effect of each variable and interaction effect of variables were tested. Results It was shown by Repeated Measurement ANOVA that marginal main effect（F=2.462，p=.073）in facial expressions properties and interaction effect（F=3.323，p=.025） between groups and facial expressions properties were found, that main effect in detecting locations（F=5.089，p=.029）and interaction effect（F=12.736，p=.001） between groups and detecting locations were found, that interaction effect（F=4.905，p=.001） among groups, facial expressions properties and detecting locations was found. Further analysis showed the reaction time to detecting stimulus of angry facial expression under the identical side is shorter than under the opposite side in high trait anger group[（386.12±50.09）ms VS.(403.33±59.39)ms，F=17.050，p=.000], and it also showed that the reaction time to detecting stimulus of happy facial expression under the identical side is longer than under the opposite side in high trait anger group[（396.88±53.87）m Related Articles | Metrics

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The Effects of Characteristics of Cues and Reminders on Event-based Prospective Memory Wang Lijuan Liu Wei 2011, 34(2): 328-331.  Abstract ( )   PDF (348KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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A Research on Goal setting Affects the Score of Working Memory 2011, 34(2): 332-336.  Abstract ( )   PDF (497KB) ( )   In order to response the idea of Locke that goal setting theory still needs to be developed. The paper examines the goal setting theory from the perspective of cognitive psychology. The results showed that setting specific goals with certain difficulty can make subject produce a higher level of effort than setting vague or general goals, which improves the performance in turn; the results of setting specific but less difficult goals have no significant difference compared with that of nonspecific goals; the easier the subjects accept goals, the better performance they show; the moderating effect of task difficulty variable to goal difficulty and performance variable can be showed by exploration and use of the strategy of subjects and tolerance of time pressure. Related Articles | Metrics

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Target Memory Without Decision Component Still Has Deeper Processing Level Than Source Memory? 2011, 34(2): 337-342.  Abstract ( )   PDF (509KB) ( )   According to Marsh and Hicks (2002), source memory concerns the memory of where the item comes from (source), and target memory or destination memory concerns the memory of where the item goes (target). Compared to source memory, target memory might play a more important role in social life. Many contradictory findings were produced when researchers compared target memory and source memory. Marsh and Hicks (2002) denied the advantage of source memory over target memory or vice versa. They found that memory performance will be better if participants need to decide who to be the target or source, because decision involves more processing. Gopie and MacLeod (2009) argued that target memory is easier to fail than source memory, because people usually focus on themselves while they are outputting information. Two experiments aimed to compare the processing level of both type of memory under the condition that decision components were removed from the memory tasks. Experiment 1 measured the ERPs of item memory, source memory and target memory during their retrieval. Experiment 2 measured the learning times required for source memory and target memory to meet the high standard of success. Twenty-one university students (8 males and 13 females) participated in Experiment 1. They were required to perform item-, source- and target memory task. The results show that although there was no significant difference between the accuracies of source memory and target memory, ERPs of correct retrieval of source memory and that of target memory showed a marginal significant difference at LPC—which is related with recollection: (target memory more positive than source memory and the difference is most obvious in the parietal area), indicating that target memory may have deeper level of processing than the source memory. Twenty-four university students participated in Experiment 2. The task was a combination of source memory and target memory, and it had a high criterion of success (accuracy rate of nearly 90%, or 21 out of 24 items). The results show that it took more time to reach the criterion of success in target memory than in source memory. To be summarized, the difference of processing depth between source memory and target memory was slight, but ERPs and high criterion learning paradigm provided strong support for the inference that target memory has deeper processing level than source memory, even when both are without decision component. Related Articles | Metrics

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AoA Effects on Processing Grammatical Category Information of Chinese Characters 2011, 34(2): 343-347.  Abstract ( )   PDF (449KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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The Different Mediate Role of Locus of Control in the Relationship between Time Management Disposition and Procrastination of Arousal and Avoidance Types Qian Tian Shi-Chang DENG 2011, 34(2): 348-354.  Abstract ( )   PDF (525KB) ( )   Procrastination is very common among college students in China. Two types of chronic procrastination have been defined by Ferrari, O'Callaghan, & Newbegin (2005): one form was arousal procrastination (delays motivated by a "last-minute" thrill experience), another form was avoidance procrastination (delays related to fears of failure or success). Locus of control and time management disposition was considered as important factors associated with procrastination: time management disposition and external locus of control was significant negative correlated with procrastination, and internal locus of control was significant positive correlated. However, previous studies failed to distinguish different types of procrastination which were varied in motivations. The purpose of the present study was to provide a better understanding of the link between time management disposition and procrastination of arousal and avoidance types by examining the different mediate role of locus of control in the relationship by SEM. Six hundred and twenty four college students (329 males, 263 females, 32 unknown) from 7 universities in Beijing, Xi’an and Guiyang has been surveyed by complete 4 validated questionnaires (Adolescence Time Management Disposition Inventory; Internality, Powerful Others, and Chance Scales; Lay’s General Procrastination Scale for Student Populations and Adult Inventory of Procrastination) in classroom. Amos 7.0 was used to analyze the correlation and structure model among these factors. The analysis of correlation showed that time management disposition was significant negative related to both arousal and avoidance procrastination. That is, the more active of individuals’ time management disposition, the less they procrastinated in their daily life. As to locus of control, internality is significant negative related to both arousal procrastination and avoidance procrastination, while powerful others and chance were significant positive related to both arousal procrastination and avoidance procrastination. By delete several insignificant paths, a mediate model of 2 types of procrastination was confirmed by SEM after cross-validation (χ2/df(112.933/56)=2.017, RMSEA=.058, TLI (NNFI) =.950, CFI=.964, GFI=.947). The SEM indicated: (1) Different types of locus of control can be predicted by time management disposition, specifically, time management disposition can predict internality positively and predict powerful others and chance neg Related Articles | Metrics

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The relations between social cognitive complexity and peer interaction mei zhang 2011, 34(2): 354-360.  Abstract ( )   PDF (657KB) ( )   Social cognitive complexity was a concept reflecting individual differences on social cognitive structure. However, as a hot research topic in the field of social cognitive psychology, few studies have concerned the relationship between social cognitive complexity and peer interaction. Based on a sample of 234 Chinese adolescents from 7th through 11th grades, the present study firstly investigated the relationship between social cognitive complexity and peer interaction, then discussed their relation path using structural equation model (SEM) fatherly. The results showed that (1) there were significant correlation among social cognitive complexity and peer acceptance, peer rejection, interpersonal competence, social preference. The adolescent with higher social cognitive complexity has higher interpersonal competence and academic achievement, received more peer acceptance while less peer rejection. (2) interpersonal competence and academic achievement were mediator variables between social cognitive complexity and peer popularity, social cognitive complexity could affect an individuals’ popularity in peer group by influencing his/her interpersonal skills and academic achievement. Related Articles | Metrics

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Central Executive Function Features of Math Learning Disability Students Dan CAI 2011, 34(2): 361-366.  Abstract ( )   PDF (545KB) ( )   The study was supposed to discover the cognitive processing mechanism of MLD. Math learning disability (MLD) is an important area of learning disability, accounting for large percentage of students in the middle school. Now there emerges a leading paradigm for carrying out research on MLD from the viewpoint of information processing. The study was designed the find out whether the MLD students have domain-general deficit on the cognitive processing when they solve the math problem or they have specific mechanism. The criteria for defining the MLD or math learning disorder of this study is: the math score was lower than 20% of the total score, with normal IQ, and without the obvious organic deficit, emotional disorder and learning motivation disorder. Based on the three-factor model put forward by Baddeley and Hitch (1974), this study designed the experiment tasks of the stop signal task and Flanker tasks to exploring the differences of the central executive system of working memory. There are 111 students participating the study, with 55 MLD students and 56 students who are good at math (with 46 male students and 68 female students, average age is 11.97-year-old). The tasks were designed on the computer by E-prime software. Each participant spent 30 minutes finishing the experiments with the guide of psychological graduate students. The results of Stop signal task showed that MLD students have lower score than students good at math on the conditions of SOA10ms (t=-3.48, p<0.01), SOA70ms (t=-4.08, p<0.001), SOA150ms (t=-3.11, p<0.01) and SOA230ms (t=-2.28, p<0.05), but with no significant difference on the condition of SOA300ms (t=-1.586, p>0.05). The results of Flanker task showed two groups have significant difference on the accuracy of tasks (t=-4.05, p<0.001). The regression analysis indicated that the interference conditions can better predict math achievement than the conditions without interference. The developmental trend of central executive ability among the junior school students grew with age, but two groups had different shapes. The students good at math development smoothly, however, the MLD students fluctuated on the 7-grade. The conclusion of the study was the MLD students couldn’t finish the tasks with high loaded working memory demand, but they were capable to finish some simple cognitive tasks, which meant that the counter interference and attention control abilities deficit was the core deficit in the MLD. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Long-term Effects of Pinyin on Children's Character Learning and Reading Motivation in Different Reading Programs 2011, 34(2): 367-370.  Abstract ( )   PDF (366KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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The Relations among Self-image of Morality、Moral Emotion and Moral Behavior Self-Management: A Cross-lagged Regression Analysess Fang-Gui TANG CEN Guo-Zhen 2011, 34(2): 371-375.  Abstract ( )   PDF (427KB) ( )   The purpose of the research is to explore the relation between the self image of morality (SIM) and moral behavior self-management (MBSM), and the relations among the guilt, the shame and MBSM. Using the scales about the SIM, the guilt, the shame and the MBSM as instruments, with the sample of 363 undergraduates at college/university level in China, the tests were carried out twice with the interval of six moths. The data were collected and the cross-lagged regression analyses were done between the test and retest. The results showed that the SIM, the guilt and the shame were positive predictors of MBSM. So, the SIM, the guilt and the shame are most likely the causes for MBSM. The longitudinal research will be useful to understand the connotation of SIM and the relationship between the emotion and the MBSM much profoundly and thoroughly. Related Articles | Metrics

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Parenting and Academic Achievement: the Mediating Role of Psychological Factors Kevin Guo 2011, 34(2): 376-380.  Abstract ( )   PDF (497KB) ( )   In the past decades, the relationship between parenting and children's academic achievement has been studied by a large number of researchers, the results of which showed that cognition, personality, motivation and self-concept played a significant mediating role in the relationship between parenting and academic achievement, indicating that parents influence their children's academic achievements through these psychological factors. Although a great deal of research has been carried out to understand the relationship, the literature on studies more comprehensively examining the relationship and studies of the relationship across different cultures is still lacking hence the need for current researchers to focus on these areas of study so as to increase our understanding of the relationship. Besides, researchers also need to carry out applied reseach studies to promote the application of the results. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Research on the Consciousness of Shortcut Strategy Discovery of Primary School First Graders 2011, 34(2): 381-385.  Abstract ( )   PDF (427KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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The Effect of Learning Hydrocarbon Covalent Bond Structural Formula by Correct and Incorrect Combined Worked-examples 2011, 34(2): 386-392.  Abstract ( )   PDF (636KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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A Review of Research on Collective Emotions in Moral Events 2011, 34(2): 393-397.  Abstract ( )   PDF (449KB) ( )   As one member of the society, the individual ineluctability interacts with intergroup and generates a series of emotions. Researchers have begun to focus on these kinds of emotions named as collective emotions. As the developing researches on moral emotions, the scope of collective emotions investigation has been extended to the field of moral emotions. This paper discussed the collective emotions in the domains of moral events. Explained clearly the generation of these emotions and depicted some relevant researches focusing on collective guilt and collective shame, pointed out the further study of collective emotions should be made efforts in Longitudinal, neurophysiology research and positive emotions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of the Abundance of Disciplinary Domain Knowledge on Secondary School Mathematical Problems’ Representational Levels 2011, 34(2): 398-401.  Abstract ( )   PDF (366KB) ( )   The representational levels of students with different abundance of disciplinary domain knowledge were investigated in 5 categories arithmetic equations by a "study-test" pattern. 62 subjects attended the experiment. The results showed: “S+P+” equations led a significant effect on false memory but equations with surface feature’ absence led the false rate significantly reduced in two groups. Moreover, no matter principled features were present or not, the reaction time on equations with accordant surface features did not have significant differences between two groups, but on the correct recognition rate, rich group was significantly higher. The results indicated, both poor and rich groups encode surface and principled features in the same serial processing, with surface features preceding principled. The extraction clew of poor group based on surface features; principle features were discarded because of its interference. The process of surface features by rich group required additional cognitive resources but there was no interference in principled features processing. Both surface and principled features were considered as extraction clew. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Development of the Judgment of Learning of Primary School Higher Graders 2011, 34(2): 402-406.  Abstract ( )   PDF (445KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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The Impact of Math Anxiety and Problem Type on Multiplication Computational Estimation 2011, 34(2): 407-413.  Abstract ( )   PDF (683KB) ( )   In order to explore the impact of math anxiety and problem type on computational estimation and to investigate the problem-size effect in computational estimation, 388 participants was tested with Revised Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale（R—MARS） and self-designed multiplication estimation questions. The results showed that 1) math anxiety has a significant impact on computational estimation in two different contexts; 2) the accuracy of estimation was significantly different in different contexts. In particular, the accuracy in pure digital context is remarkably higher than in word problem context; and 3) problem-size effect in computational estimation was found in word problem context, but not in pure digital context Related Articles | Metrics

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The Influence of Shanghai Dialect on the Preschool Children's Chinese Phonological Awareness 2011, 34(2): 414-417.  Abstract ( )   PDF (374KB) ( )   The researches about English phonological awareness of Chinese children have got many valuable results. However, the research on Chinese phonological awareness of dialect children is rare. Chinese is a kind of special language with many dialects, and there are significant differences between dialects and standard language. Different opinions were brought forward on the dispute, whether the bilingual Children who have the experience of dialect and Putonghua has more advantages on phonological awareness. From the view of psychological linguistics, the gift of tongues or universal grammar acquired during the study of native language，can promote the second language learning; However, from the linguistics view, the native language interfere the second language learning. The bilingual children who have the experience of dialect and Putonghua have more advantages on Chinese phonological awareness than the only mandarin children, is it true? It needs investigate. 72 children (4 -6) took part in the experiment. There are 24 persons in each group, including 12 shanghai dialect children and 12 the only mandarin children. The Chinese phonological awareness of the subjects chosen was tested during this experiment, the information of children spoken language was collected using the method of hearing presentation. The test of phonological awareness is consisted of syllable awareness, onset-rhyme awareness and phoneme awareness. Because the Chinese is a kind of tonal language, and tune awareness is special, the task of tonal awareness is added in the experiment. The results show: the Chinese phonological awareness and tone awareness of Shanghai dialect children are better than the only mandarin children, although there were no significance between Shanghai dialect children and mandarins in the initial awareness and final awareness；And the bilingual’s advantage has not affected by the age. The research illuminates preschool children in Shanghai not only need to learn Chinese mandarin, but also encourage speaking the Shanghai dialect. Key Words phonological awareness，Shanghai dialect，preschool children Related Articles | Metrics

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Serial Position Effects of Immediate Judgments of Learning: the Effects of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Cues 2011, 34(2): 418-422.  Abstract ( )   PDF (468KB) ( )   Two experiments were conducted to further explore the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic cues on immediate judgments of learning. In the first experiment, 22 senior high school students were asked to learn a list of words. The serial position information of item was present to participants whom were required to make immediate judgments of learning before learning. The result was that there were primacy effects in immediate judgments of learning. It was suggested that the immediate judgments of learning were sensitive to extrinsic cues. In the second experiment, the serial position information of item was present to another 20 senior high school students whom were required to make immediate judgments of learning after learning. The result was that there were primacy effects in immediate judgments of learning as well. It was suggested that there was no more sensibility of intrinsic cues than extrinsic cues to immediate judgments of learning. Related Articles | Metrics

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Adolescents’ Internet Morality and Pro-social Behaviors Online MA XiaoHui 2011, 34(2): 423-428.  Abstract ( )   PDF (576KB) ( )   As an increasing part of the Internet users, adolescent morality and moral behaviors on the internet deserved much attention. The present study investigated 447 adolescents’ moral performance on the Internet, Internet pro-social behaviors, and the relation between their Internet morality and pro-social behaviors online. The results indicated that (1) adolescent Internet morality was positive, and the correlation among moral cognitions, emotions and intentions was positive; (2) adolescents conducted lots of online pro-social behaviors. And adolescents reported dire online pro-social behaviors the most, followed by altruistic, emotional, anonymous, compliant, and public pro-social behaviors; (3) the frequency of altruistic pro-social behaviors in girls was significantly higher than in boys, and the public, anonymous, emotional, altruistic, and compliant pro-social behaviors reduced with the grade; (4) Internet moral cognitions and emotions could positively predict online pro-social behaviors. The results showed that the adolescent Internet morality could predict the moral behaviors on the Internet: if adolescents take more positive moral attitude, they would conduct more online pro-social behaviors. Related Articles | Metrics

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The outcome and moderator variables of psychological contract breach Lijuan Cui 2011, 34(2): 429-434.  Abstract ( )   PDF (612KB) ( )   Psychological contract breach is the employee’s perception regarding the extent to which the organization has failed to fulfill its promises or obligations. This article firstly summarized the impact of psychological contract breach on employee outcomes; then investigated the moderator function of third variables; finally discussed the future research directions: generalizability of the participants, research methods and construction of theoretical models. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Brief Review and Prospect of Foreign Researches on Military Women’s psychology 2011, 34(2): 435-440.  Abstract ( )   PDF (585KB) ( )   Abstract: The psychology of Military Women has received attention from both military psychology and female psychology. Existing studies mainly focused on: gender role and traits of military women, female leader in the army, family and marriage of military women. Affected by feminism, the psychology of military women has followed the diversification approach in terms of research methodology, while the population and topics under examination differed from female psychology. Future studies are needed to more closely examine more specified topics, explore cross-cultural differences in military women, and some anabranch methods would come to front. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Features of Significant Others' Social Support and Its Relationship with the Attitudes toward Aging among Older Adults 2011, 34(2): 441-446.  Abstract ( )   PDF (514KB) ( )   This study mainly explored significant others’ social support of the elderly from twofold dimensions, namely quantity versus quality of the support, and actual versus ideal support. And this study also aimed at examining the relationship between social support and the elderly attitudes toward aging. There were 441 old adults participated in this investigation. Significant Others Scale (SOS) and Attitudes to Aging Questionnaire (AAQ) were applied to assess social support and the attitudes to aging perceived by the participants. The results showed that: (1) the distribution of support sources was in accord with the hierarchical compensation model. (2) Gender, age and educational level showed significant effects on social support perceived by older adults. (3) If the elderly perceived higher quality of social supports from his/her significant others, he/she would report more positive attitudes toward aging. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on correlated factors of self-identity of urban migrant laborers’ children 2011, 34(2): 447-450.  Abstract ( )   PDF (349KB) ( )   Objective: To explore the relationship between self-identity and family factors、parental attachment、sense of security of the migrant laborers’ children. Methods:A battery of questionnaire, including self-identity questionnaire, parental attachment questionnaire and security questionnaire, are performed among 329 students from four elementary or secondary schools for children of migrant works in Chengdu, Sichuan Province. Results: Urban migrant children's sense of security and intimate parental attachment have positive correlation with their self-identity, while anxious, avoidant and dependent parental attachment have negative correlation with their self-identity. The present study shows that father's education level (? =- 0.123), parental emotional relationships (? = 0.107), avoidant (? =- 0.137) and dependent attachment (? = 0.102), sense of interpersonal security (? = 0.338) and sense of determinate security (? = 0.202) can explain 35% of variance in self-identity of these children. Conclusions: Insecure parental attachment relationship and the sense of insecurity will to a large degree influence self- identity of migrant laborers’ children. Related Articles | Metrics

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Professional Competence and Development of College Counselor 2011, 34(2): 451-455.  Abstract ( )   PDF (528KB) ( )   To investigate the professional competence and development of college counselor, twenty-four counselors from eight colleges were recruited for four focus groups interview. The study revealed that the main problems the clients bring to the counseling room were mental disorders. Most college counselors were deficient in competence of counseling, lack of professional training and practice. They had strong desire for professional development. Standardizing clinical and counseling psychology degree education, establishing certificating system and improving continuous education were important approach for promoting the professional competence and development of college counselor. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects Between Naikan Therapy And Emotional Experience: An Event-related Potential Study 2011, 34(2): 456-460.  Abstract ( )   PDF (464KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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The Psychological Mechanism and Influencing Factors of Mortality Salience Effects 2011, 34(2): 461-464.  Abstract ( )   PDF (357KB) ( )   Mortality salience effects refer to the universal phenomenon that people would defend their worldview or strive for self-esteem after mortality salience. Mortality salience effects are instigated by the potential for death-related anxiety which is indicated by death-thought accessibility. The individual differences in age, religious beliefs, personal need for structure, self-control, attachment styles, and different situation priming affect mortality salience effects. In the future, researchers should analyse why some stimuli unrelated to death can cause mortality salience effects, make further efforts to explain and validate the potential for death-related anxiety, and clarify the influence of self-esteem on mortality salience effects. Related Articles | Metrics

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A longitudinal study of applicability of Hopelessness theory in Chinese children 2011, 34(2): 465-470.  Abstract ( )   PDF (496KB) ( )   Abstract Based on weakest link hypothesis and longitudinal research design, We explored the applicability of Hopelessness theory in Chinese children using Multilevel Model Analysis, results suggested that :1. The stress predicted children’s depressive symptom, and showed more predict power in elder children; 2. The interaction of weakest link and stress didn’t show statistic significance to predict trajectory of depression , but exhibited the same trend that Hopelessness theory described ; 3. Childhood may be the stage that a person begin and develop his/her attributive style. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects Mechanism of Social Support on Subjective Well-being of College Students——the Mediating Influence of Self-control and Depression YAN Biaobin 2011, 34(2): 471-475.  Abstract ( )   PDF (440KB) ( )   This study explored the mediating influence of self-control and depression on the relation between social support and subjective well-being in 300 college students with questionnaires. The result showed: (1) self-control and depression were all mediator factors between social support and subjective well-being; (2) Depression and self-control interacted to mediate the relationship of social support and subjective well-being. The next analyses by EQS5.7b validated the results more. Related Articles | Metrics

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Schema Therapy for Fear of Intimacy in Chinese Undergraduates 2011, 34(2): 476-480.  Abstract ( )   PDF (412KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Measurement of Competencies on Mental Health Education Teachers WANG Zhi Da JunZHANG jiang qi 2011, 34(2): 481-487.  Abstract ( )   PDF (697KB) ( )   Abstract：The purpose of the study is to analyze the competencies structure of Chinese mental health education teachers and to develop the questionnaires for their competencies. On the basis of literature analysis and through the open questionnaire and behavioral event interview, the theoretical model of mental health education teachers’ competencies was ascertained. 860 mental health education teachers were tested. The questionnaire of mental health education teachers were developed through analysis of item, exploratory factor analysis and experimental factor analysis. 57 items of questionnaire have been reserved, including nine factors which are professional knowledge, ordinary knowledge, agreeableness, conscientiousness, occupational values, student values, evaluation and rethinking ability, coordinate and communication skills and Professional development. The questionnaire was proved to be of good reliability and validity so that it could be used to investigate the competencies on mental health education teachers. Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in Emotion Measuring Methods 2011, 34(2): 488-493.  Abstract ( )   PDF (638KB) ( )   A contemporary model of emotion believe an emotional response involving subjective experience, physiology, and behavior. Along with time vicissitude and science and technology progress, the measurement of emotion is also refined. This paper presents an overview of the measures reviewed for each response system depicted in the model, namely Self-report, Autonomic Nervous System(ANS), Startle Response Magnitude, Central Physiology and Behaviour. A lot of emotion research suggest that measures of emotional responding appear to be structured along dimensions (e.g., valence, arousal) and discrete emotional states (e.g., sadness, fear, anger).Additionally, different measures of emotion appear sensitive to different structured state. The future standard of emotion measurement are multiple, the measured method is established based on the specific emotional problems. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Competency Model of Salespersons in the Household Appliances Industry 2011, 34(2): 494-498.  Abstract ( )   PDF (426KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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The New Approach of Relation Research: Social Network Analysis 2011, 34(2): 499-504.  Abstract ( )   PDF (579KB) ( )   Our contacts with other people can shape our view of the world, reinforce our identity, and the interactions provide us with all kinds of opportunities and resources to get things done. Traditional research mainly uses attribute data which reflect individual’s attitude, viewpoints and behaviors to study the relation. Social network analysis (SNA) is a new approach which focuses on the connections among social entities, especially the relational links and structures which were neglected in the traditional relation research. It insists that social context contains social ties and connections, not the total of different units simply. SNA uses relational data rather than attribute data to study the relation. Relational data are the contacts, ties, connections which relate one person to another and can’t be reduced to the properties of the individual themselves. SNA provides the means to derive a more complete view of a given social environment. This paper reviewed some functions of social network analysis in the view of psychology. Fundamental functions of social network analysis include centrality analysis which can reflect one’s status and power, clique analysis which can assign individuals to subgroups, position analysis which can find the similar status or power’s sets, and QAP which is the method of correlation and regression analysis to explain the relationships of different relational matrixes. Furthermore, SNA can also analyze the relationships between attribute data and relational data by the statistical models. Until now, the models mainly includes p1 model (loglinear model) which allows us to detect the dyadic directed relation, p2 model (random effects model) which allows us to study the attribute covariates of nominators and their targets between dyads, and p* model (exponential random graph model) which allows us to study network structure and the attribute covariates. UCINET and StOCNET are the two main soft wares to execute these analyses. The field of social network analysis is extending and growing, and new methods and approaches are constantly in development. SNA has been widely used in the sociology field and begin to be introduced in psychology recently. This paper is a general introduction to social network analysis, aiming to provide some indications to Chinese psychology researchers. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Exploration of the Intellectual Views in the Spring and Autumn of Lü Buwei Wei-guo PANG 2011, 34(2): 505-509.  Abstract ( )   PDF (508KB) ( )   An Exploration of the Intellectual Views in the Spring and Autumn of Lü Buwei Pang Weiguo (School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062) Abstract The Spring and Autumn of Lü Buwei was a book edited by the prime minister of the Qin Dynasty. The main purpose of the book was to summarize the ruling principles for the king of the Qin Dynasty to meet the coming circumstance of a united China. The focus of the book was how the king fulfiled self-enhancement and how to recruit competent people for his kingdom. For this reason, there were a lot of discussions on the issues of human intelligence. Comparatively speeking, the definition of intelligence in the Spring and Autumn of Lü Buwei was more thoughtful than ever before. The intellectual characteristics described in the book, such as “knowing the right time and changes”, “having foresights”, “nipping in the bud”, “reacting fast”, were all consistent with those depicted in modern intelligence theories. The views offered in the book that “different people have different levels of intelligence even though they are all of one genus-the human being”, “petty tricks and wisdom are quite different from each other.”, “if the right time has not come, the wise man could not not accomplish great achivements”, and “human beings are normally foolish during their childhood, and become intelligent after they grow up”, indicated the wisdom of the scholars in pre-Qin period. The suggestions proposed by the authors that intelligence should be promoted by self-reflection and learning could also have important implications for modern education. Key Word the Spring and Autumn of Lü Buwei, intellectual views, individual difference, the development of lintelligence Related Articles | Metrics