Archive

20 November 2011, Volume 34 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue

---

For Selected:

Download Citations EndNote Ris BibTeX

Toggle Thumbnails

Select

Effect of predictability and space on Chinese reading: An eye movement study 2011, 34(6): 1282-1288.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1779KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Time Course of Self-processing involved in the Detection of One’s Own Name : Electrophysiolgical Evidence from ERP 2011, 34(6): 1289-1294.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1406KB) ( )   In the present study we explored the cerebral mechanisms underlying self processing relative to one’s own name by recording event-related potentials (ERPS). In the experiment, pictures of big circles, small circles, and names were presented to subjects randomly, and subjects were asked to discriminate small and big circle, while names were task-irrelevant stimulus. The results showed that subject’s own name (SON) elicited larger P2 and P3 amplitudes than did famous name (FN) and unfamiliar name (UFN). While different from previous studies, present study discovered the “self name effect” on P2 amplitude, that is, self processing relative to one’s own name could occurred at not only later P3 stage but also earlier P2 stage. Therefore, self processing relative to one’s own name maybe involve early and late two different stages, and the early one maybe automatic process , while the late one maybe conscious process. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Selective Inhibition Effects of Changing the Number of Targets and Nontargets on Multiple Object Tracking 2011, 34(6): 1295-1301.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1911KB) ( )   Previous studies have proved that there is a highly localized object-based inhibition on nontargets in the Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) task. And researches have studied the mechanism of selective nontarget inhibition mainly through operating the characteristic contrast between non-targets and targets such as moving pattern, shape and stereo disparity, while the number of targets and nontargets stayed constant. Using Multiple Object Tracking with Probe Dot Detection task, the present study examined selective inhibition effects in Multiple Object Tracking when the number of targets or nontargets had changed. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Attentional bias to addiction-related stimuli in internet addition patients: An ERP study 2011, 34(6): 1302-1307.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1592KB) ( )   In recent years, a subcategory of pathological internet use, named online game addiction, has aroused extensive attention from academic circles. The online gaming addiction shares many negative impacts of substance addiction, such as failing at school, breaking family relationship and social relationship. Nevertheless, there was fairly lack of psychophysiological investigation about the underlying mechanisms to support the characterization of excessive use of online gaming as behavioral addiction. To investigate whether the attentional bias plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of excessive online gaming use, the authors obtained EEG data during a revised Stroop paradigm and during a color matching task using online game-related and neutral words in 12 online game addiction patients and 12 casual players. The behavioral data in the color matching task derived from both groups did not show a comparable interference effect associated with the online game-related words. However, based on the analysis of the ERP data, we found that the online game-related words elicited significantly large amplitudes of P200 and P300 when compared with the neutral words in the group of online game addiction patients, whereas there was no significant difference of that amplitudes between cues of the online game-related words and neutral words for the group of casual online game players. These ERP results are discussed that in online game addicts the meaning of the online game- related words would interfere with color matching, not only in an early, preconscious, automatic stage , but also in more conscious and controlled , motivation-related stage of attentional processing of information . The results indicated that the online game addicts were difficult to ignore the meaning of the colored words, and had to allocate more attention resources towards online game-related stimuli than to neutral stimuli. It can be concluded that online game addiction individuals display an enhanced attentional processing of online game-related stimuli, and this can be regarded as an expression of a greater responsiveness to online game cues. The present study was to investigate the time-course and cognitive mechanism of online game addiction, demonstrating that the enhanced online game cue-reactivity may play an important role in the maintenance of the problematic internet use. In the current environment of abundant online game resources, the tendency to excessively use online game will continue. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Separate processing of the memory effects of Sexual appeals print AD 2011, 34(6): 1308-1312.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1184KB) ( )   This research will use the method of the PDP to distinguish the implicit and explicit information processing of audience to sexual appeals advertisements. Exploring the information processing model and to explore the causes of. In the study, we choose 122 college students as testers. The study involved an experiment comprised a 3×2×2 factorial .The purpose of this study is to investigate how cognitive information processing would respond to sexual appeals advertisements by analysis the respond to Bare type (implicative, generally, explicit) and different types of celebrity spokesperson (famous, normal ) in advertising. The results showed that: 1. From the explicit control of processing, memory of implicative s Sexual appeals advertisements did the best effect. 2. From the implicit automation processing, the automatic processing of people on explicit sexual appeals advertisements did the best effect. People give more attention to explicit Sexual appeals advertisements in Subconscious. 3. The study did not find celebrity effect in Sexual appeals advertisements. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Working Memory, Avoidant Attachment and Attention Bias：the Stimulus-General and Stimulus-Specific phenomenon 2011, 34(6): 1313-1319.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1747KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Influence of punctuations and the context in ambiguity resolution 2011, 34(6): 1320-1324.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1207KB) ( )   The present study was designed to investigate effects of Chinese punctuations on the comprehension of ambiguous sentence caused by different Layers, and the interaction between punctuations and the context. Experiments varied the meaning of the ambiguous sentencs according to the location of the comma, and the Consistency between the context and the meaning explained by the comma varied according to the context. The result showed: the commas in Chinese sentences could promote the processing of the reading. When there was a comma, subjects would more relay the punctuations on the understanding. The interaction between the punctuations and the context took place on the late stage. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Status and Prospect in Research on Brain Mechanisms of Emotion Regulation 2011, 34(6): 1325-1331.  Abstract ( )   In recent years, researches on brain mechanisms of emotion regulation have made much progress, along with multiple utilization of the brain imaging. New theoretical model of neural mechanisms of emotion regulation has been proposed, bringing with an alternative perspective of emotion regulation. The research focus has been extended from conscious emotion regulation to unconscious or automatic emotion regulation. The range of emotions in this field is expanded and more attention is focused on specific emotions, changing from negative and positive emotions to sadness, anxiety and so on. Emotional regulation strategies becomes much more clear and various, and the research focus are no longer limited to neural correlates of reappraisal and suppression, more attention are being paid to neural networks of distraction or self-distraction. Furthermore, the target research groups are extended to clients of affective disorders, and the relationship between abnormalities in neural mechanisms of emotion regulation and the occurrence of affective disorders is becoming an important issue in this field. In addition, concerns about individual differences in brain mechanisms and their implications for clinical diagnosis and therapy are also arising. In order to promote the research in this field, the present article makes a full introduction of research results on brain mechanisms of emotion regulation, and future research directions are also proposed Related Articles | Metrics

Select

A Review of Study on Color Preference 2011, 34(6): 1332-1337.  Abstract ( )   Color preference is a favorite or the preferred disposition in the psychological sense. Facing the same color, different people will show different preferences, tend to choose favorite color, avoid dislike color. One of the senses, vision is one of the most important sources of information, the color is a visual stimulation , which can cause direct reaction of human, it not only affect the person's psychology, mood changes, and affect the body's physiological processes. Previous studies have divided colors into abstract color and specific color, people will show preference both of them, but both are not the same, for different objects of colors, preference is different; Being reflected individual emotion attitude, the color preference is influenced by many factors, such as personality, gender, age, nationality, etc. Researchers have put forward different theoretical interpretation of color preference, such as biological mechanism, color emotion, ecological valence theory. Although the researches of color preference have achieved a lot, but several limitations existed in the previous research's content, material and subjects. Research content is simple, people often not only accept monochrome in daily life, but facing more complex stimulation, therefore, only monochrome color preference research is not enough, the future research should be much more complex color materials. Furthermore, study neglected color attribute, the color appearance mode, environment, which will affect the color preferences. In addition, most research is adopted subjective survey methods, in recent years, the research on the method of using more objective methods, such as eye movements. They are the future research direction. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

An Investigation of the Present Situation of Affective Quality of the Vocational School Youth in China 2011, 34(6): 1338-1344.  Abstract ( )   Vocational school provides vocational education, in which students are taught the skills needed to perform a particular job. Traditionally, vocational schools teach only job-specific skills, and as such have been better considered to be institutions devoted to training. Vocational school youth are usual have low scores in middle school examination that they couldn’t enter the high school. Nowadays, vocational school youth are received more and more attention. The affective quality of vocational school youth is special, so it’s important for the society to investigate the affective features for them. A large-scale investigation on the affective quality of vocational school youth population in China has been developed. Based on the youth affective quality theory and developmental affection with classified thoughts, questionnaire on Youth’s Affective Quality was developed. It was an original investigative tool with good reliability and validity. The questionnaire was used to investigate vocational school youth affect development on twenty-nine different affects, including patriotism, affectionateness, integrity, responsibility, learning happiness, self-confidence, achievements, exploration, curiosity; aesthetic for craftwork, aesthetic for nature, aesthetic for art, aesthetic for environments, aesthetic for science; well-being, self-reliance, passion, cherish, cooperation, gregariousness, affiliation, trustworthiness, intimacy, forgiveness, emotionally appealing, emotional cognition, emotional experience, emotional evaluation, emotional adjustment. They belong to six categories (moral affection, rational affection, esthetic affection, interpersonal affection, life affection and emotional intelligence) that evolve from the identity level of affection and the operational level of affection. Item analysis, analysis of reliability and validity and the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis all verified that the questionnaire met with the criterion of an effective measurement tool. Based on the analysis of the sub-questionnaires, we also carried out the high-order factor analysis, which confirmed the presence of a higher-order factor – the “affective quality”. This finding strongly supports the definition and the theoretical basis of “affective quality”. The questionnaire is administered to 1767 students of vocational schools (396 male and 1365 female, with 6 questionnaires missing the gender information). The geological regions encompasses those of well-developed, developed and less developed regions in China, including 9 cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Changchun, Zhengzhou, Xian, Xining, Guiyang, Haikou). The results showed that: (1) As a whole, the affective quality of vocational school youth in China is positive, but still needs to be improved, especially self-confidence, learning happiness, exploration of the rational affection and self-reliance of the life affection, as well as aesthetic for science, aesthetic for craftwork of the esthetic affection. (2) Affective quality of female vocation school youth is higher than male youth, but structural difference exists between males and females. (3) Affective quality was correlated positively with students’ self-evaluation of learning performance, but with no significant correlation with their parents’ educational levels. (4) Good teacher-student relationships, enthusiasm of teachers’ classroom teaching facilitated directly and importantly to the development in all aspects of students’ affective quality. (5) The inhabitation conditional such as living with father or mother, and the parents’ educational background had no significant relationship with the affective quality of vocational school youth. (6) The affective quality of vocational school youth had no significant difference with high school youth, but they have weakness aspects compared with the same age high school youth such as the rational affection, especially self-confidence and curiosity. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Role of Emotion Experience, Emotional Intelligence, and Emotional Attitude: A Longitudinal Study about Emotion Regulation 2011, 34(6): 1345-1352.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2076KB) ( )   Growing interest in emotion regulation is reflected in the studies of cognitive and social development. However, the extant studies mainly highlight how different emotion regulatory strategies contribute to their related developmental construct and ignore the development of emotion regulation itself. Recent studies suggest that change of emotion experience, emotional intelligence, and emotion regulation attitude could predict and explain the development of emotion regulation. Based on the framework of process model proposed by Gross and Levenson, our present study explored the contribution from emotion experience, emotional intelligence, and emotion regulation attitude to emotion regulation in a development scope. Also the adaptive functions of different emotion regulatory strategies were discussed. We adopted the longitudinal design and examined 569 junior students (Grade 6 and Grade 8 students from Shanghai junior middle school) at the first semester of the academic year. After ten month, we examined these students again. In the second phase of the study, 469 of 569 students (who became Grade 7 and Grade 9 students) participated the test. In each phase of the study, students completed the demographic information, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Daily Emotion Scale, Traits Meta-Mood Scale, and Emotional Attitude Questionnaire. There are several important results and conclusion, such as: Comparing with Phase 2, adolescents experienced more positive emotion, reported stronger up- and down-regulation attitude, and up-regulate their emotion habitually when encountering positive emotional episodes in Phase 1. Adolescents who reported higher changes of both positive and negative emotion experience would use more and more up-regulation during development. Nevertheless, comparing with the positive emotion experience, higher changes of down-regulation using were reported by the adolescents who experienced more negative emotion when growing up. Adolescents who reported higher developmental changes of emotional intelligence became increasingly possibly to choose down-regulation in both positive and negative episodes. However, comparing with positive emotion up-regulation, higher changes of negative emotion up-regulation were reported by adolescents of lower changes of emotional intelligence. Development of emotion experience, emotional intelligence, and emotion attitude were significant predictors of the changes of emotion regulation. Our development model showed that changes of emotion experience contributed to the change of emotion regulation directly or though the influencing of regulatory attitude and emotional intelligence development. Development of emotional intelligence and regulatory attitude predicted the changes of emotion regulation directly. Adolescents who presented a higher-change of emotional intelligence and more positive emotion experience (Positive Development Group) used more down-regulation when encountering both positive and negative emotional episodes in Phase 1. That is saying, down-regulation might be a more adaptive regulatory strategy in human development. This longitudinal study supports the proposition that changes of emotion experience, emotional intelligence, and emotional attitude were predictive of the development of emotion regulation. Regarding relations among emotion experience, emotional intelligence, emotional attitude, and emotion regulation, we would know that development of emotion regulation could be accounted for by degree of changes of these three constructs. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Effect of Emotional Intelligence and Parental Social Support on Social Adjustment of Delinquent Juveniles: The Direct Effect or the Stress-buffer Effect? 2011, 34(6): 1353-1359.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1681KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Developmental Features of Undergraduates’ Life Cognition and Value Orientation towards Life 2011, 34(6): 1360-1366.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1796KB) ( )   Faced with the fierce competition in the metropolitan, the whole society is largely concerned about college students’ attitudes and value orientation towards life and death, and life education occupies a great important part of plans of maturing undergraduates in all universities. In such a context, research on college students’ life cognition and value orientation is of great realistic and theoretical significance. Life cognition is an overall understanding towards the process of life and death, and a psychological quality evolving with age. In the basis of life cognition, value orientation towards life is an individual’s fundamental views and attitudes about the value of life, the meaning of life, ideals and goals in life and a series of closely related with the existence of life issues. In the social context of life education , from three perspectives of cognition, emotion and intention, 812 undergraduates of grade one and three from four schools in Shanghai, recruited and participating in the projecting principle, including syntax tests and simulated situations, were measured their current levels of knowledge and feelings and features of value orientation towards life, in order to explore the developmental extent of undergraduate’s knowledge and feelings on life and death, and to conclude the traits of their value orientation towards life in contemporary. The results showed that（1）College students’ knowledge about life was characterized by the attitude-expressing cognition. And the expressions had the positive and cherishing features towards life. However, the development of the knowledge about death was stayed in the abstract cognition, and college students were intended to use neutral, conceptual and simple words to describe the meaning of death. Furthermore, female showed more deeply and variedly to life and death than male.（2）In the traits of value orientation towards life, undergraduates emphasized on interpersonal relationship. Their actor would be inclined to love, and to be responsible to their family. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Retest the Developmental Dual Process Theory——The Developmental Trends of an Ancient Chinese Reasoning Illusion Included also 2011, 34(6): 1367-1371.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1228KB) ( )   In order to solve the problem which caused by the illusion of replacement in the domain of cognitive development, Klaczynski and his colleagues (2009) argue that the information processing involves simultaneous operations in both experiential and analytic processing. In this paper, the claim above was tested in a strict condition which based on the developmental trend of an ancient Chinese reasoning illusion. And the developmental trend of the ancient Chinese reasoning illusion was discussed also. The results show that: (1)The developmental trend of the ancient Chinese reasoning illusion supported the dual process theory;(2) The ancient Chinese reasoning illusion existed as young as the fifth grade of elementary school. There was no difference among the accuracy rate of the undergraduate students, the senior high school students and the junior high school students. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Flow in high school students: a path analysis of flow, motivation, mathematics anxiety, and mathematics performance Ya ZHOU 2011, 34(6): 1372-1378.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1745KB) ( )   Purposes: Flow has been identified as a key construct in the field of positive psychology. The study aimed to explore the relationship between flow experience, intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, math anxiety and math performance in high school students. Methods: 296 high school students (163 male, 133 female) were recruited to complete the Inventory of Flow at Examinations (developed for the study), Mathematics Motivation Scale, and Mathematics Anxiety Scale. All instruments were administrated immediately after students have finished their monthly math exams. Results: Path analysis were utilized and revealed four significant paths: intrinsic motivation→flow experience→math performance, math anxiety→flow experience→math performance, extrinsic motivation→flow experience→math performance, extrinsic motivation→math performance. Conclusions: Both intrinsic motivation and math anxiety have no significant direct effects on math performance; only through the mediation of flow experience, intrinsic motivation and math anxiety would exhibit influence on math performance. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Orientation Discrimination Learning of Real Lines and Imagery Lines as Well As Their Mutual Transfer 2011, 34(6): 1379-1384.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1488KB) ( )   Many previous studies of orientation discrimination learning often adopted real stimuli as experimental material. Until now, the specificity and generalization of learning is one of the focuses in debate. In the present study, we adopted an orientation discrimination task, using both real lines and imagery lines as experimental stimuli, and examined the characteristics of two kinds of learning and their relationship. In the first experiment, we used “real lines in the upper-left visual field” as training stimuli, “real lines in the lower-right visual field”, “imagery lines in the upper-left visual field” and “imagery lines in the lower-right visual field” as untrained conditions. We investigated whether the learning effect of real line could transfer to untrained location and imagery lines. In the second experiment, we used “imagery lines in the upper-left visual field” as training stimuli and used the other three types of stimuli as untrained conditions. We investigated whether the learning effect of imagery lines can transfer to untrained location and real lines. The results showed that, for both real lines and imagery lines, orientation discrimination training significantly decreased the subject’s thresholds. What’s more important, this learning effect could partly transfer to the untrained location and untrained stimuli type. In the third experiment, in which subjects only need to participate in the pre-test and the post-test (five days after the pre-test), we ruled out that the improvement of performance was just due to pre-test and proved that orientation discrimination learning indeed transferred to the untrained location and untrained stimuli type. In sum, our results strongly suggested that the two kinds of orientation discrimination learning might involve some non-retinotopic high brain areas and there are common neural mechanisms between them. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

A Study of the Family Cultural Capital and Young Children’s Mathematics Learning 2011, 34(6): 1385-1389.  Abstract ( )   Under the guidance of Bourdieu’s family cultural capital theory, this study aims to investigate young children’s home experiences of learning mathematics and their family cultural capital. Research analysis focuses on the influences of family cultural capital on early mathematics learning. Questionnaire method, interviews method and literature research method are mainly adopted as study methods in this research. The study is conducted based on four self-developed questionnaires. Corroding to the Bourdieu’s family cultural capital theory, there are three states of family cultural capital, including “embodied state”, “objectified state” and “institutionalized form”. “Family Background Questionnaires” which including parents’ education background etc., is in order to investigate the institutionalized form of family cultural capital, “Home Cultural Environment Questionnaires” is designed to investigate the objectified state of it, and the “Parental Beliefs of Early Mathematic Learning and Teaching Questionnaires” is designed to investigate the embodied state of it. “Home Math Parent/Child Interaction Questionnaire” is designed to investigate young children’s home experiences of learning mathematics. There are 590 families of young children aged 4-6 years randomly select as samples from 8 different kindergartens in Shanghai. Multiple regression analysis is used to explore the correlation between variables of family cultural capital and young children’s mathematical learning experience at home, also the influence path between the two factors. It was found that family cultural capital which includes parental education, home cultural environment and parental beliefs of early mathematics learning and teaching has significant effect on children’s mathematical learning experience at home, and the effects of different variables are different. The results revealed that the home cultural environment as objectified state cultural capital and parental beliefs as embodied state are the straight forward and effective to children’s mathematical learning experience. Parental education as institutionalized form takes effect indirectly through home cultural environment and parental beliefs. Based on the research results, suggestions are proposed for teachers of early education, parents and future researchers. The results of this study have the potential to contribute to the field of early mathematics education by illuminating the relationship between family cultural capital and young children’s mathematical learning. Nevertheless, the results should be interpreted with caution, since only questionnaires were used in this study, and the sample groups should not be considered representative to the populations in either country. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Effect of Parenting Styles on Child’s later Anxiety: Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies and Masculinity Play the Role of Mediator 2011, 34(6): 1390-1396.  Abstract ( )   Literature shows parenting styles are consistently associated with child later anxiety. However, the underlying mechanisms linking parenting styles and child anxiety are less well known. Some evidences indicated that parenting styles would potentially influence child’s cognitive coping strategies and sex role orientation, which in turn impact symptoms of anxiety. The present study aimed to evaluate a mediational model of anxiety in college samples in China. We hypothesized that cognitive emotion regulation strategies (e.g. catastrophizing and positive reappraisal), as well as sex role orientation (e.g. masculinity), act as potential mediators between parenting and child anxiety. Method: Short-form Egna Minnen Betraffende Upfostran(s-EMBU), Chinese version of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ-C), Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) and self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) were administrated to 269 college students (132 males; M=20.6, SD=1.22) to test their retrospective parenting styles, sex role orientation, cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and self reporting symptoms of anxiety respectively. All the questionnaires are translated into Chinese and have good internal reliability in this study. Principle component analysis was carried out on the mother’s and father’s scales of s-EMBU, yielding two higher-order factors (i.e. namely control and care) explaining 71.7% of the total variance. The first factor (control) explained 38.7% of the variance and had high to very high loadings on overprotection and rejection. The second factor (care) explained 33% of the variance and had very high loadings on emotional warmth. Results: We used Amos 4.0 to evaluate the hypothesized model. Results suggested superior fit the model (χ2(6)=15.103, p=.019, IFI=.962, CFI=.960, RMSEA=.075) and it explained 26% of the variance of child’s anxiety. Parenting styles influence child’s later anxiety through the following three ways: (1) direct effect: control style and care style can negatively and positively predict child's later anxiety, respectively. (2) cognitive emotion regulation strategies play the role of mediator: control style promotes using of catastrophizing strategy, which is a significant positive predictor of anxiety symptoms; whereas care style can reduce using of catastrophizing strategy and increase using of positive reappraisal strategy simultaneously, then in turn negatively predict anxiety symptoms. (3) masculinity and positive reappraisal cooperate as mediators: care parenting style contributes to shaping masculinity, which indirectly influences anxiety via complete mediation of positive reappraisal strategies. Discussion: The present study outlined a mediational role of cognitive and personality factors between parenting styles and child’s later anxiety. On the one hand, parenting styles are important to child’s anxiety development, and different parenting style influences child anxiety in different way. On the other hand, there exists complicated relationship within personality, cognitive factors and mental disorders. It suggests further research and theory development on the models of effects of parenting styles and behavior on child anxiety. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Development of Different Levels of Emotion Understanding in School Children and its Relationship with peer relationships 2011, 34(6): 1397-1402.  Abstract ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Adolescents’ Relationships with Mothers and Fathers and Their Effects on Depression 2011, 34(6): 1403-1408.  Abstract ( )   Although adolescents spend increasing amounts of time with peers outside of the home, parents continue to play an important role in fostering healthy socioemotional development across adolescence. Links have been established between parent-child relationship quality and adjustment during adolescence. But the majority of studies on parenting asked adolescents to rate either their relationship with their mother or with their parents as a single entity. There is little information available regarding the associations of adolescent-father relationships to adolescent emotional health. Thus, research is needed to examine both adolescent-mother and adolescent-father relationships. The influence of the relationships with one parent may vary depending on the relationships with the other parent. For example, when the relationships with one parent are negative, the positive relationships with the other parent may be especially important. However, the interaction between the effects of adolescent-mother and adolescent-father relationships has not been examined in previous research. The goal of the present study is to examine the interaction between their effects on adolescents. Furthermore, adolescence is a vulnerable period for developing depression and depressive symptoms increase from early adolescence onwards. The quality of the parent-adolescent relationships is thought to be important for preventing adolescent depressive symptoms. However, the connection between parents-adolescent relationships and depression may differ among different grades, and the connection may be moderated by gender. It is thus necessary to explore the gender and grade differences in the associations between adolescent-mother or adolescent-father relationships and depression. The Chinese versions of the Revised Network of Relationships Inventory (Furman & Buhrmester, 1985) by French and Children’s Depression Inventory (Kovacs, 1992) were administered to 438 adolescents (246 boys and 192 girls) from grade 5, 7 and 10 to investigate the adolescents’ relationships with mothers and fathers, their effects on depression, and the moderating roles of gender and grade in the effects. The main findings were as follows: (1) Adolescents reported more maternal support than paternal support, and more conflict with mothers than with fathers. With the age increasing, both maternal and paternal support decreased, whereas conflict with either parent increased. (2) At grade 7, only parent-adolescent conflict predicted depression positively and significantly. At grade 5 and 10, perceived parental support predicted lower depression while parent-adolescent conflict predicted higher depression. At grade 5, gender moderated the relationship between either maternal support or adolescent-father conflict and depression, i.e., maternal support and adolescent-father conflict predicted depression of adolescent girls rather than boys. (3) High maternal support only moderated the association of adolescent-father conflict with depression among girls at grade 10. For those girls with low conflict with fathers, the level of maternal support was a significant predictor of depression, whereas for those with high conflict with fathers, having a supportive mother didn’t buffer the girls’ depression. The results suggested that support from parents be helpful to decrease the level of adolescents’ depression, and the conflict with parents be a risk factor, and that girls be more sensitive to interpersonal difficulties with parents, especially to the conflict with fathers. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Influences of Social Support and Personality on Adolescent’s Post-traumatic Stress Disorder after the Earthquake 2011, 34(6): 1409-1413.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1275KB) ( )   The study’s purpose is to investigate the adolescent’s PTSD after earthquake had rose 6 month, discuss the relationship among Social Support, Big five personality and PTSD, Depression, Anxiety, and explore the social support’s moderating effect. The study selects 933 Sichuan province’s middle school students as participants, using IES-R, SSRS, NEO-FFI and depression, anxiety subscale of SCL-90 to investigate the adolescent’s PTSD. The results show that:(1) After 5.12 earthquake had rose 6 month, about 67.6% adolescents suffer PTSD or partial PTSD, the number of boys are more than girls, the number of grade one are the biggest, PTSD and Non-PTSD have significant effects on the N,E,A,C and Social support’s using. (2) The ratings of Depression and Anxiety are about 11.4% and 9%, the rating of Depression, Anxiety and PTSD is 7.2%. (3)Boys and girls have significant difference in Depression, girl’s score is higher than boys. Intrusion, Avoidance, IES-R score have significant difference in grade, the score of Intrusion, Hyperarousal, IES-R in grade 3 are the highest, the score of Depression and Anxiety in grade 4 are the highest. (4)IES-R score, Intrusion, Avoidance, Hyperarousal, Depression and Anxiety can be explained by N. IES-R score, Intrusion, Hyperarousal, Anxiety can be explained by A. Depression can be explained by O. (5) Social Support have mediation effect in the relationship between Big five Personality and Avoidance, between Big five Personality and Hyperarousal, between Big five Personality and IES-R score, between Big five Personality and Depression.(6) Big five Personality have main effect on IES-R score, Intrusion, Hyperarousal, Depression and Anxiety. This finding provided the conclusion that the social support haves moderating effect between the adolescent’s Post-traumatic stress disorder and Big five personality. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Relationship among Perceived Social Support 、Self-esteem and Subjective Well-being of Contemporary Rural Migrant Workers 2011, 34(6): 1414-1421.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1991KB) ( )   The research surveyed 600 rural migrant workers in Suzhou，and using the situation questionnaire of rural migrant workers’ perceived social support which made by ourselves and the scale of self-esteem 、the scale of subjective well-being of rural migrant workers which have been modified in order to survey the relationship among perceived social support 、self-esteem and subjective well-being. And this research also explored the mediating influence of the self-esteem on the relation between perceived social support and subjective well-being of contemporary rural migrant workers. The research results show that：(1) The subjective well-being and its each dimensions、perceived social support of the rural migrant workers’ who with higher level of the self-esteem significantly higher than whom with lower level of the self-esteem;(2) There was significant correlation among perceived social support 、self-esteem and subjective well-being.(3) There was opposite positive correlation among perceived social support 、self-esteem and subjective well-being.(4)The self-esteem based on perceived social support has significant regression influence on the subjective well-being and its two dimensions, and it’s an important intervening variable between them. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Effects of Self-Discrepancy on Consumer Preference on the Product Attributes 2011, 34(6): 1422-1427.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1584KB) ( )   Self is the characteristics of self-belief held by a person. Different ideal and actual self-discrepancies affect different choices. The research adopted college students as subjects, and gave them actual and ideal self-discrepancy material, then examined consumer preference on the product attributes. It was concluded that the subjects whose actual and ideal self-discrepancy is small, are more likely to choose the product whose hedonic attribute is stronger, and the subjects whose actual and ideal self-discrepancy is large, are more likely to choose the product whose utilitarian attribute is stronger. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Research on climate change risk from a metacognitive perspective 2011, 34(6): 1428-1435.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2183KB) ( )   Climate change is one of the most urgent issues that the whole world is facing. The "knowledge deficit theory", which has been used as the basis for government policy-making for many decades, is critiqued for being too simple. Recently, some scholars raised a new idea that there might be a link between one’s metacognition of climate change and his/her pro-environmental attitude and behaviour (Scannell & Grouzet, 2010). Based on their and Petty's classify of metacognition, this article reviews recent studies and theories in four dimensions: the confidence in one's knowledge level about climate change risk (metacognition knowledge), the judgment one makes about where his/her ideas of climate change risk come from (metacognition origin), the judgment of the likelihood of a given climate change outcome (metacognition certainty) and the weight or importance one places on the cognition of climate change (metacognition importance) and finds: (1) There is often a mismatch between public's actual knowledge and their metacognition knowledge. A lot of people, who are more or less overconfident on their knowledge level about the climate change, may engage in actions they believe are helpful but objectively are not, and reluctant to make further information-seeking effect. (2) Since climate change is a statistic trend, it is too hard to be detected by one’s personal experience, most people learn about this kind of risk from climate scientists and their social amplifier's description, so public’s risk perception is mainly oriented by analytic system rather than experience system. The analytic system, which requires justification via logic and evidence, cannot create a sense of urgency and unlikely to motivate immediately actions; and virtual reality technology used in some disaster movies does activated the experience system, but their effects still remain to be elucidated. (3) While reading climate change reports, people usually pay more attention to the gist of the information instead of details, so they would be insensitive to the increased degree of certainty. At the same time, mass media's discontinuance reports and "balanced" reporting journalistic norm also reduced public's certainty of climate change risk. (4) People generally consider climate change an event that will happen in the future and on the other side of the world, so they construed it in more abstract terms and have most cognitive resources allocate to present event. According to the theory of discounting, people usually have a strong present bias, they strongly prefer immediate benefits and dislike present costs relative to delayed options, so the future benefits of pro-environmental behavior is discounted. In this way, the metacognition importance of climate change is diminished while comparing to other current events. All these metacognitive elements become psychology barriers standing in the way of behavior change that would help to limit CO2 emission, no wonder over years the overall condition of climate change do not change much. Finally, the future trends of research in metacognition of climate change risk are discussed. How to make full use of the fruitful achievements in the metacognition field to promote public's pro-environmental behaviour is of great importance. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

A Preliminary Study on the Characteristics of Undergraduates’ Moral Personality 2011, 34(6): 1436-1440.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1116KB) ( )   Moral personality is a new subject of modern moral psychology. In the last nearly half century, Kohlberg’s moral cognition development theory dominated the field of moral psychology and influenced moral education greatly. But Kohlberg’s theory hasn’t resolved two problems completely: the relationships between moral cognition and moral emotion and the relationships between moral cognition and moral behavior. In the light of these problems, many researchers realize that moral personality must be introduced in order to understand individual’s moral behavior. Current foreign researches about moral personality focus on the implication, the structure, the characteristics and the neuroscience basis of moral personality. Many domestic researches are ethical and educational discussion and there is no psychological investigation to moral personality. Consequently, Chinese researchers should pay more attention to psychological researches of moral personality, especially the exploration of structure and characteristics of adolescents’ moral personality. Considered the researches of undergraduates’ moral psychology are weak, this research investigates the characteristics of undergraduates’ moral personality initially which make some basic work for further moral psychology research. In order to carry out the investigation, the researchers use 803 undergraduates as subjects and three questionnaires as tools: Undergraduates’ Moral Personality Adjectives Questionnaire (UMPAQ), Moral Judgment Test-Chinese version (MJT-C) and Undergraduates’ Daily Behavior Questionnaire (UDBQ). UMPAQ is composed of 72 items and includes four factors: immorality, kindness, integrity-selflessness and honesty-thrift. The internal consistency and half reliability of every factor is 0.74~0.92 and 0.66~0.89 respectively. The results of structure equation model analysis indicate that UMPAQ has good structure fitness. Subjects are asked to rated from 1 to 5 on every item. MJT is developed by German psychologist Lind which includes two dilemma stories and there are 13 questions after every story. Chinese researcher has made cross-culture validation which indicates that the order of preferences, quasi-simplex structure and cognitive-affective parallelism of MJT-C suit the revising standard. UDBQ is composed of 10 items which involving the usual moral and immoral behaviors of undergraduates. The test-retest reliability of UDBQ is 0.96. The main results are: (1) The gender difference of undergraduates’ moral personality is significant which the total score and the score of kindness of female undergraduates are higher than male undergraduates and the score of immorality and the score of integrity-selflessness of male undergraduates are higher than female undergraduates. The results of MANOVA analysis and further tests confirm the same conclusion. (2) The grade difference of the total score of undergraduates’ moral personality isn’t significant which indicates undergraduates’ moral personality is stable relatively. But there is a significant difference on the score of kindness which the score of junior is significant higher than the score of freshman and the score of senior. (3) The correlation between undergraduates’ moral personality and their moral behavior is significant. Regression analysis finds out that undergraduates’ moral personality is the effective predictor of their moral behavior no matter the independent variable is the total score of moral personality or the factor score of moral personality. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Status of and the Prospect for Researches on Cheating among Undergraduate Students: Psychological Perspectives HOU XiaoHui CEN Guo-Zhen 2011, 34(6): 1441-1447.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1820KB) ( )   Considerable attention has been paid to the issue of cheating among undergraduate students due to its high prevalence level for recent decades and its negative impact on the social status and historical mission of the schools. This article reviewed and analyzed literatures about college students cheating published at abroad from four respects: prevalence, influencing factors, prevention strategies and relevant theories. The prevalence rate of cheating varies with the studies, in part because different scholars have different perceptions and views in its classification and types. Influencing factors of cheating can be classified as two kinds: individual and contextual factors. Individual factors include basic variables, attitudes towards cheating and morality. Basic variables include gender, grade, major, and prior cheating. Gender and grade differences in cheating were inconsistent and even contradictory. The prevalence rate of cheating varies with the majors. There was a positive correlation between prior cheating and cheating in college. Attitudes towards cheating include evaluation of behavioral seriousness, approval of cheating and neutralization. Cheating behaviors that were considered less serious by students had higher prevalence rate. Students with favorable attitudes towards cheating were more likely to cheat. Neutralization allowed students to cheat without feeling guilty, and rationalize their misbehavior. Morality-related factors include moral development stages, domains of social judgment, moral obligation, and moral disengagement. Studies showed that there was no significant correlation between moral development stages and cheating, and moral obligation not to cheat was negatively correlated with cheating intention. Moral disengagement reduced the feeling of guilt from cheating. Students viewed cheating as a moral issue or not, which had a significant effect on the cheating attitude. Contextual factors include peer effects, honor codes, faculty actions, supervision and punishment. Peer-related factors, such as level of cheating among peers, peer disapproval of cheating had significant correlations with cheating behavior. On honor codes, the key point is not the existence of them, but they must be implemented and embedded in the mind of faculty and students. On supervision, studies found that perception of stronger supervision during the exam would lead to less favorable attitudes towards cheating. Therefore, we can conclude that high rate of undergraduate students cheating partly because faculty didn’t act on cheating behaviors timely. But, the effect of punishment on cheating was still inconclusive. How can we reduce or eliminate cheating behaviors? Scholars suggested that we build university campus into an ethical community, raise the consciousness of honor codes of students and faculty, strengthen the regulation and monitoring of cheating behaviors and impose punishment on cheater in time. However, relevant empirical research is rarely done till now. To have a deep understanding on cheating, several theoretical frameworks were used to explain cheating among college students, including deterrence theory, social bond theory, social cognitive theory, theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive domain theory. Further, this article conducted an outlook on a few important issues on cheating from the research perspective which worth exploring in the future, such as its classification and types, nature, theoretical construction, research methodology and applications. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Undergraduates’ cheat in examinations: is it the self-deception ? 2011, 34(6): 1448-1452.  Abstract ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Relationship among University Students’ Mobile Phone Addiction and Mobile Phone Motive, Loneliness 2011, 34(6): 1453-1457.  Abstract ( )   Abstract To revea1 the impact of mobile phone motive and loneliness on university students’ mobile phone addiction. Using Mobile Phone Addiction Index(MPAI), UCLA Scale and Mobile Phone Addiction Motive Scale（MPUM）, 442 university students were surveyed , Analysis of muti-variance and structural equation models were adopted. The result indicated: (1) There were significant positive correlation between mobile phone addiction(four factors)and mobile phone motive, loneliness. Furthermore, there were closer correlation between them and “Escape”factor(r =0.39，p<0.01；r=0.48，p<0.01）. (2) There were significant group difference divided by different level of loneliness on mobile phone addiction(four factors)and cyber entertainment motive（Wilks’λ=0.82，p<0.001）The lonely students scored the highest scores (53.4±10.3，13.1±2.9), then the common students(42.8±6.8，13.8±3.4） and the non- loneliness group scored the lowest scores （31.9±7.5，14.6±3.4）.(3) Loneliness can positive predict mobile phone addiction（β=0.3，p<0.001）, Cyber entertainment motive had mediator effect between loneliness and mobile phone addiction(0.1) Conclusions: Loneliness palyed an important role in university students’ mobile phone addiction which can directly or indirectly predict mobile phone addiction.Therefrore the intervention of the university students’ mobile phone addiction should focus on it. Key Words mobile phone addiction, university students, loneliness, mobile phone motive Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Study of the Impact of Trust within Organization on Employee Voice Behavior 2011, 34(6): 1458-1462.  Abstract ( )   Employee initiative and creativity is increasingly important due to the pursuit of creativitiy in knowledge economy. In academia, the study of extra-role behavior, which includs voice behavior, attracts much attention recently. Voice behavior is a kind of communicaiton behavior which is status-unconstrained, change and improve-oriented. Based on 379 corporation employees in sourthern Jiangsu province, the study explored the impact of trust within organization on voice behavior in the perspective of social exchange. The results showed that, trust in colleague, in direct supervisor and in organizaiton, can facilitate employee voice behavior. Moreover, trust in direct supervisor influenced employee voice behavior partially mediated by trust in organizaiton. The positive relationship between employee voice behavior and one's own task performance was found. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Re-examining reasons leading to violations of Savage's sure-thing principle under uncertainty 2011, 34(6): 1463-1468.  Abstract ( )   Leonard J. Savage’s sure-thing principle (1954) is a key assumption of the consequentialist conception of decision making under uncertainty, which states that if some option x is preferred to y given some other event A occurs, and if option x is preferred to y given this event A does not occur, then x should be preferred to y even when the outcome of A is unknown. Much theoretical and experimental research has examined whether the sure-thing principle was violated in a variety of situations. But, not as much focus has been placed on examining the reasons why it was violated. Two experiments were conducted to test the so called “reasons-based” account and “reluctance-to-think” account for the violation of the sure-thing principle in the present study. In Experiment 1, 60 participants in Singapore were recruited, who were presented a scenario similar to Tversky and Shafir’s (1992) vacation situation. The results showed that the mean reported choices for not knowing whether you passed or failed the exam (M = 4.13) was well between the mean reported choices of knowing that you passed the exam (M = 5.18) and that of knowing that you failed the exam (M = 3.13). A test of within-participants contrast (Helmert contrast) showed that there was no significant difference between the effect for not knowing whether you passed or failed the exam and the mean effect of knowing that you passed the exam and knowing that you failed the exam (F (1, 59) = .02, n.s.). Thus, no violation of STP was found. In Experiment 2, a 3 (decision condition: knowing that Event A occurred vs. knowing that Event A did not occur vs. not knowing whether A occurred, nested within participants)×2(scenario: product promotion vs. job performance)×2 (reason posed: one reason vs. two reasons) between-participants repeated factorial design were used to further test the “reasons-based” account and “reluctance-to-think” account. The results showed that there was a significant effect of decision condition (F (2,158) = 7.40, p < 0.01) in the designed two-reason scenario. A test of within-participants contrast (Helmert contrast) showed that there was a significant difference between the effect for not knowing whether event A occurred and the mean effect of knowing that event A occurred and knowing that event A not occurred (F(1,79) = 9.82, p < 0.01). Thus, a violation of STP was found. In the modified scenario with one-reason posed, participants’ the mean reported choices for not knowing whether event A occurred was well between the mean effect of knowing that event A occurred and knowing that event A not occurred. The main effect of the decision condition was not significant, F(1,79) = 0.13, p > 0.1. Thus, no violation of STP was found. These results showed that participants in the two-reason conditions violated the sure thing principle but satisfied the sure thing principle in the one-reason conditions as predicted by the “reasons-based” account. It indicated that the sure-thing principle was generally satisfied when decisions were based on a unique reason where it was known that Event A occurred as well as that A did not occur, but was sometime violated when decisions were based on two incompatible reasons. These results support the “reasons-based” account rather than the “reluctance-to-think” account. The empirical distinction between the “reasons-based” account and “reluctance-to-think” account, therefore, would deepen our understanding of the reasons for the violation of the sure thing principle. Theoretical and normative implications are discussed. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Influences of the Extents’ differences of Covariation Information on Attributions Ma WeiJun 2011, 34(6): 1469-1475.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1774KB) ( )   This study examined the influences of the extents’ differences of one self-relevant covariation information on attributions by two experiments. In experiment 1, thirty eight subjects read and imaged some situations with their good/bad outcome and one relevant consensus information which extents were manipulated, and made attributions on 4 causal dimensions. The results showed that high/low consensus was attributed to external/internal cause respectively, and the attributions in the conditions that consensus information was not given or unclear were located between internal and external cause. Moreover, Self-serving attributional bias was showed in 4 causal dimensions, and the extents’ differences of consensus information did not interference Self-serving attributional bias significantly. Experiment 2 took same method with experiment 1, but distinctiveness information was given. Experiment 2 basically reproduced the results in experiment 1. Furthermore, this study found that Self-serving attributional bias disappeared in controllableness dimension in the conditions of high consensus or distinctiveness. Finally, the influences of covariation information on attributions and Self-serving Attributional Bias were discussed. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Research on MCMC Parameter Estimation and Properties of High Order DINA Model 2011, 34(6): 1476-1481.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1431KB) ( )   Recently Cognitive Diagnosis(CD) was attached more and more importance internationally. But the realization of CD must utilize a special psychometrical model called Cognitive Diagnosis Model(CDM). This paper is focused on the HO-DINA model. With this model this paper investigated it’s parameter estimation and it’s properties that can be the inference of users. Research Method: To explore the feasibility of MCMC algorithm and the estimated precision, and to probe the properties of HO-DINA model, Monte Carlo method is used here. There are two experiments: Experiment 1: Fixed the number of cognitive attributes(5), of test items(60) and of examinees (1000). The target of this experiment is to explore the feasibility of MCMC algorithm and the estimated precision. Experiment 2: This experiment intent to study the properties of HO-DINA model, particularly the correctness rate of diagnosis. There are two factors was considered: the number of test items varied with possible values of 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120. And the number of cognitive attributes varied with possible values of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. The number of examinees is fixed as 1000. Conclusions: (1) The estimation method of MCMC algorithm holds fairly robustness, and it’s precision of item and ability parameters are preferably great. Which indicates the MCMC algorithm method is feasible. (2) With the number of attribute fixed, the increasing of the number of text items can enhance the pattern correctness rate effectively. When the number of test items is varied from 20 to 40, the extent of increasing is the greatest. While the number is varied from 40 to 60, the degree of increasing is less. In real work, if we want to obtain a pattern correctness rate higher than 80%, then the number of test items needs to be 20 with the number of attribute is 4, 40 with the number of attributes is 5, 6, 7 possibly, 60 with the number of attribute is 8. (3) With the number of test items fixed, the increasing of the number of attribute will decrease the pattern correctness rate. The extent of decreasing is the greatness with the number of test items is 20, while the degree of decreasing is the least with the number of test items is 120. When the number of attribute is varied from 5 to 7, the degree of deceasing is less. Thus seven attributes is the turning point. So in real work, the number of attributes is suggested not greater than seven. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Simulation study of the detection of measurement invariance and its influential factors for ordinal categorical data Chong LI 2011, 34(6): 1482-1487.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1483KB) ( )   The study introduces a new method of model construction and parameters estimation for ordinal categorical data，with the method of exploring measurement invariance based on this method. simulation study explores the effect of parameters recovery, difference between estimated value and known population parameters value ,empirical power under various total sample size, the ratio of reference group to focal group size, the difference of parameters between two groups, test length. Results indicate that the parameters recovery well when robust weighted least squares estimator using a diagonal weight matrix(WLSMV) are used. The type Ⅰerror of DIFFTEST consistently adhered closely to the nominal alpha level of 0.05.Under the condition of large sample size, reference and focal group size are equal, the difference of parameters is bigger, the power of DIFFTEST show better. Control the number of items whose measurement invariance are violated, the power of DIFFTEST become lower when the test length become longer. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

A Cross-cultural Comparison of the Reliability Generalization Studies on the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and Its Implications 2011, 34(6): 1488-1495.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2110KB) ( )   EPQ is widely used all around the world, and there is no exception in China. In China, five revised versions of EPQ are available, which are all popularly used. Caruso(2001) has conducted a reliability generalization analysis on the EPQ used in other countries and has gained some significant results. However, no such analysis has been made so far in the Chinese context. This paper attempted to study the reliability generalization on the EPQ in China. Methods: The analysis was done from the perspectives of descriptive statistics and hierarchical multiple regression with data from seven Chinese major psychology journals from 1998 to 2008. What’s more, our findings were compared with those of the analogous study on EPQ in other countries, which was conducted by Caruso et al. Comparing the results of the Reliability Generalization on EPQ at home and abroad, the following similarities can be found: 1) the sampling characteristics do affect the reliability coefficients. 2) A low proportion of articles report reliability coefficient or its range from the data at hand, 5.80% and 6.20% respectively; 3) P scale owns a low reliability coefficient, probably because its unidimension condition is not met; 4) standard deviation of scores in subscales is the main predictor variable for the reliability coefficients of P, N, E and L subscale. However, differences in the studies are also discovered: 1) 84.82% of researches in China do not report reliability coefficient from the data at hand, comparing with 62.51% of researches in the other countries, which indicates that more scale users in China ignore the reliability from the data at hand; 2) Variables such as the number of items, the mean of scores, standard deviation of age, sample type have different predictive functions on the reliability for EPQ in China and in other countries. In China, the prediction from mean of scores to P, N and L subscale as well as the prediction from number of item to P, E and N subscale are found to be statistically significant, which is not found in other countries. On the other hand, the prediction from standard deviation of age to P, and L subscale and the prediction from sample type to P subscale are not statistically significant in China, but are all significant in other countries. In summary, the analysis and comparison demonstrate that 1) “reliability induction” is inappropriate when using questionnaires available; besides reporting the background and size of samples, it is of great necessity to report the reliability coefficient of the samples at hand, which can make the research complete by providing the information mentioned above; 2) a certain heterogeneity of samples may enhance the reliability in the use of EPQ; 3) the increase of item numbers which does not follow the psychometric rules will not improve the reliability of scores necessarily. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

THE THEORY CONSTRUCTION AND EMPIRICAL RESEARCH OF WELL-BEING VIEWS FROM THE PSYCHOLOGICAL ORIENTATION PERSPECTIVE 2011, 34(6): 1496-1501.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1539KB) ( )   Aim This article, probed into the well-being views from a new perspective: psychological orientation research, and constructed the well-being views orientation theory which is high generalized and linked with social situation. Background After reading the literatures about well-being views, we found that previous researches has some characteristics as follows: (1) They emphasized on using the viewpoints of some certain school to command the whole well-being views study, such as the naturalism well-being views, utilitarianism well-being views and etc. (2) Generally speaking, they concerned about the local and micro view of factors of well-being, including well-being goals, well-being means and etc. (3) The research results generated were depth and detail. However, there are some limitations: (1) the research view is unitary although there are so much schools, contents are overlapping, and the relation of variables is fuzzy. (2) The previous studies emphasized on the theoretical reclassification while ignoring to study the well-being view linked with the social situations. (3) The effect of theory is better than that of application, resulting in application of research results are not significant. In order to compensate for these shortcoming, and expand the horizons of well-being view researches, to make the research is much closer to society, so as to enhance the application of research results of well-being views, this article attempts to construct a new theory frame of well-being view, namely, well-being orientation theory. Method The theory is composed of four orientations, namely, social orientation, individual orientation, positive orientation and negative orientation. A scale was developed according to the theory of well-being views orientation. This article used the questionnaire on 1065 subjects and verified the theoretic model by exploratory factor analysis(EFA) and confirmatory factor analys(CFA). Findings This article was succeed in showing the existence of psychological orientation of well-being views. The structure of the theory includes four orientations: individual-oriented conceptions of subjective well-being, social- oriented conceptions of subjective well-being, positive- oriented conceptions of subjective well-being, negative-oriented conceptions of subjective well-being. The factor loadings and the fit indices are fine. The full-scale internal consistency reliability is 0.853 and full-scale three-week interval test-retest reliability is 0.810. Furthermore, the result of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis indicates that the whole scale has good reliability and validity. The RMSEA is 0.045, CFI and NNFI is both 0.92. All this shows that the scale not only can be used as the empirical research tool of verification of the theory of psychological oriented conceptions of subjective well-being, but also can be used to evaluate the level of personal well-being concept. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Sudden Gains in Psychotherapy: The Influences of Working Alliance and Initial Symptom Severity Guang-Rong JIANG rong tao 2011, 34(6): 1502-1507.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1509KB) ( )   The authors conducted a longitudinal study on 82 clients to examine the occurrence of sudden gains and its relationship to the outcome. Then it was tested whether the initial symptom severity and working alliance would be associated with sudden gain. Results indicated that 24.93% of the sample experienced sudden gains. These sudden gainers had significantly better outcome compared with the other clients. At the same time, the initial symptom severity and working alliance of the sudden gainers were both higher than other clients. These results suggested that the sudden gains did exist in Chinese clients; and the sudden gainers got better outcome than the other clients. Besides, the working alliance and initial symptom severity had significantly influences on the occurrence of sudden gains. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Diagnosis, Therapy and Therapeutic Potency of Binge Eating Disorder (BED) Yan Zhang Ju-Zhe XI 2011, 34(6): 1508-1511.  Abstract ( )   Binge eating disorder (BED) has been proved to be one of the three most prevalent eating disorders in the world. In China, the number of those who are suffering from BED is not small and on rise. But studies on and treatments of this kind of disorder are almost on their primary stages. Systematically, this article reviews the syndromes that symbolize BED and the criteria of diagnosing BED, with mainly making an introduction to three common-used therapeutic methods on BED (i.e., the behavioral therapy, the cognitive therapy, and the therapy for improving other symptoms with BED). The article also discusses clients’ personal factors that could affect the therapeutic potency. The diagnosis of BED mainly depends on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) (investigator/interviewer-based) and Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) (clients/interviewee-based). A combination of medical history as well as other symptoms is also used as supplementary evidences to diagnosis. The three kinds of therapies place emphasis on different parts in theory and in practice. Although each of the three has been confirmed to lead to good results, the specific therapeutic potencies change much in different patients. The reason is that the therapeutic potencies are also influenced by the personality, social and cognitive factors of patients，which implies that the treatments should be chosen accordingly to the particular patient. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Using Projective Drawing Test to Evaluate the Anxiety Symptom Kan CHEN Song Bin 2011, 34(6): 1512-1515.  Abstract ( )   Purpose:The purpose of the study is to test the possibility of using the projective drawing test to evaluate the anxiety. Methods: In this study, 290 subjects from the college were invited randomly to complete the HTP drawing test and Scl90 test of Anxiety subscale. A regression analysis was made. The anxiety level was first determined by comparing the individual’s Scl90 score of the subscale of Anxiety to the norm of the same age and gender. Those whose score were two deviations higher than the norm were diagnosed as Anxiety. Among all the 290 subjects, 36 of them meet the diagnosis criteria. The study also used the most popular Buck and Hammer’s House-Tree-Person projective drawing test to collect drawing characters. This test has the most culture equality, and has the most scientific evidence for its validity and reliability. The study has collected drawing characters that were assumed be representation of anxiety. Those drawing characters came from literature study, clinical experience, as well as Chinese symbolism. A standard projective drawing evaluation handbook was then developed to describe those different drawing characters in a standard way. The final handbook involves 11 drawing characters in three categories, with a detailed description on every drawing character and picture samples. The three categories are: shade, detail, space. The study also invited two teachers from psychology department to evaluate all the drawings separately. Both of them had a few experience of using projective drawing test. And both of them had the same experience. Those assessors were trained at the same level to use the standard projective drawing evaluation handbook. Then a regression analysis was made to evaluate the validity of projective drawing test to anxiety symptom. Results: The result shows: within the 11 drawing characters, 5 of them could significantly predict the anxiety symptom. A logistic regression diagnosis equation was established based on those 5 drawing characters. The 5 characters entered the equation in the following sequence: 1) the heavy shade roof of the house, 2) the detailed roof, 3) long arms of the person,4) person drawing expanded to the whole paper, 5) the person had both hands hide behind the body. The other 6 drawing characters did not enter the equation. Those characters were: 1) the heavy shaded wall of the house, 2) the heavy shade of the body of the person, 3) the emphasis of the trunk of the person,4) tree drawing expanded to t Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Contrast of Different Subtypes ADHD Behavior and Comorbidity Problems of 7-10 years old Children 2011, 34(6): 1516-1519.  Abstract ( )   Abstract: Through the epidemiological survey, this paper discusses the different subtype ADHD children in terms of their emotion, behavior and social functions. 263 high-risk children, who are selected from a large sample of 4500 7-10 years old children using SDQ (Strengths and Difficul-ties Questionnaire), have been clinically assessed with K-SADS-PL scale and DSM-Ⅳdiagnostic criteria, and 119 of them are diagnosed with ADHD. The male and female ratio of the children diagnosed with ADHD is approximately 2.22:1, which means significance gender difference. The mixed ADHD children have a significantly higher score in hyperactivity than children with atten-tion deficit; however, ADHD children have a significantly lower score in social function than children with attention deficit and hyperactivity. 7 years old ADHD children show significantly less hyperactivity than 8 and 9 years old ADHD children. ADHD comorbidity rate is 12.6% and 43.2 percent of ADHD children have learning difficulties. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

ERP Study of Sleep Disorders for Depressive Patients 2011, 34(6): 1520-1523.  Abstract ( )   To explore the relationship between sleeping disorders(i.e. early awakening disorders)and the P300. Method 22 depression patients with early awakening; 20 non-early awakening and 20 healthy volunteers. Test relevant potential P300 of events and Hamilton depression rating scale. Results Compared with the control group, the group with early awakening has extended P2, N2, and P3 latency and reaction time (p<0.05); conversely, their amplitude were significantly lower. Compared with the control group, obviously, the group with non-early awakening has extended N2 and P3 latency and reaction time (p<0.05); N2 P3 amplitude was significantly lower. Compared with the group with non-early awakening, the group with early awakening obviously has extended P2, N2and P3 latency and reaction time (p<0.05); P2、N2 and P3 amplitude was significantly lower. The score of HAMD of the group with early awakening is higher than the group with non-early awakening (p<0.05). Conclusion Damage to cognitive function exists for both early awakening and non-early awakening group. The extent of damage for the group with early awakening is greater than that for the group with non-early awakening. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

On the Theoretical Characteristics of Phenomenological Psychology 2011, 34(6): 1524-1528.  Abstract ( )   An in-depth analysis is performed on the theoretical characteristics of phenomenological psychology. Phenomenological psychology, which is one of the branches of the generalized “third force” in psychology, is a radical human science approach of psychology that attempts to apply phenomenological philosophy into psychology thoroughly. It keeps phenomenological slogan “back to things themselves” in mind, and then goes to an extreme by being loyal to human experiences, just like the way behaviorism goes to the other extreme by rejecting consciousness completely in order to remain objective. So, it is of important significance to discuss its theoretical characteristics for deeply understanding the approach, and particularly, human science psychology. There are mainly six theoretical characteristics in phenomenological psychology. First, phenomenological psychology assumes a strict view of phenomenological philosophy, which is reflected in two aspects. On one hand, it resists naturalism that phenomenology criticizes for its distorting experiences by naturalizing everything. On the other hand, it follows a way that phenomenology points toward truth through studying real experiences. Second, it insists on a radical view of human science psychology. By “human”, it insists on being loyal to experiences themselves, to the real human as human. By “science”, it insists on gaining general and systematic knowledge through rigorous method. Third, it has a clear standpoint of facing life. It is influenced by phenomenology’s life-world (lebenswelt) notion, which is proposed by Husserl and means that human lives in life-world, and it is on this world that scientific world is built. Phenomenological psychology gives primacy to life experience and sets it as the research object. In particular, it advocates participating in, but not controlling, life by using some techniques. Fourth, it has a specific view on the essence of experience. It borrows the notion “intentionality” from phenomenology. With this notion, it believes that there is a significant and direct relation between mind and world at empirical level. Fifth, it has a solid view on qualitative research approach. It believes that experience has not only quantitive aspect, but structures that can be qualitilized, which has been an important component of qualitative research approach in psychology. Sixth, it has a critical value-loaded view on value orientation. It accepts value-loaded view by recognizing the researcher’s subjectivity in research. Value shall be implied in the research since the researcher involves in the research, but the researcher may be excessively subjective in research activities. So, phenomenological psychology claims that the research should take a critical standpoint, restrain itself and be honest to experiences themselves. In this regard, it also takes an objective position just as natural science psychology. From the above, it can be seen that phenomenological psychology characterizes itself by radicalness. Phenomenological psychology risks itself the rupture with naturalism in order to maintain the unique essence of mind, and develops a self-contained psychological approach that is different to the mainstream natural science psychology such as behaviorism or cognitive psychology. For its own, this makes itself drive on a briar patch. But for psychology, the actions of phenomenological psychology are beneficial to the future development of the discipline. Phenomenological psychology has explicit theoretical ideas, and carries out solid researches consistently. Thereby, phenomenological psychology can establish a benchmark for human science psychology, helping to form a platform with which to launch a dialogue with natural science psychology. Related Articles | Metrics