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The Cultural Differences of Self-esteem 2012, 35(1): 2-8.  Abstract ( )   PDF (791KB) ( )   Self-esteem has certain similarities and differences in different cultural backgrounds. According to previous findings, the cultural differences of self-esteem are manifested in its roots, inclusiveness and its expression. To a certain degree, social cultural values shape self-esteem of people lived in the cultural context. The source of self-esteem embodies the importance of cultural values. People in the individualism culture emphasize the importance of personal self-esteem, which reliance on personal achievement and characteristic, relative to collective self-esteem. Whereas collectivist place more emphasis on social orientation and its collective aspect compared with former. The extent of inclusion of other in self concept is various in different cultures. Self-esteem, as an important aspect of the self concept, has cultural differences in its inclusiveness. People in Western cultures centralize the personal uniqueness and independence. Their self-esteem focus on the unique self aspect compared to Chinese who include the significant others into their self-esteem. Culture influences the ways that taken in the expression of self-esteem. Easterners are much less direct express favorable evaluations of self explicitly and in the public context. They tend to make positive self evaluation when they respond implicitly or in the private context. In contrast, people in Western cultures attempt to maintain a positive self evaluation by engaging in various self enhancement strategies. They express their favorable self evaluation directly when they respond explicitly or in the public context. The awareness of cultural differences and universality of self-esteem should be set up. It is of great important to strengthen the study on cultural differences of it for scientific understanding of the social psychological phenomenon and academic discipline construction. Future research should focus on the meaning of self-esteem, its research content and research methods, to further promote the self-esteem study in the Chinese background. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Impact of Mood-Congruence on Intentional Forgetting YANG Hai-Bo 2012, 35(1): 9-15.  Abstract ( )   PDF (608KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Antisaccades and Its Experimental Paradigm, Mechanisms and Influence Factors Zhu DANG 2012, 35(1): 16-23.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1206KB) ( )   Antisaccades task is the main method to study the endogenous saccades. In 1978, Hallett used the antisaccades task in his study for the first time. This task needs the subjects to inhibit the saccade towards the peripheral target, and direct their gaze in the opposite direction. The antisaccades task provides an efficient method for the study of behavioral control and attention. Evidence suggests that prosaccades and antisaccades can be programmed in parallel and competition, and fronto-parietal subcortical network involved in the antisaccades performance. Antisaccades can be influenced by many factors, such as, gap effect, working memory, cognitive aging, eccentricity effect, ect. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Modulation of self-face for visual spatial attention: Evidence from a Posner’s cueing paradigm 2012, 35(1): 24-29.  Abstract ( )   PDF (589KB) ( )   This paper reported three experiments to explore the role of self-face as salient stimulus in guiding visual attention, by focusing on the roles of self-face in a Posner’s spatial cueing paradigm. In Experiment 1, self- or familiar- face foveally presented as an endgenous cue oriented right or left, cueing the location of a target in the right or left visual field. In Experiment 2 (small-size images) and 3 (large-size images), a self- or familiar- face as task irrelevant stimulus was presented to the right or left visual field while a cued target flashed in the opposite field. The results showed that relative to familiar-face, self-face resulted in a larger cueing effect in Experiment 1, indicating the facilitation of self-face as task relavant stimulus. In contrast, in Experiment 2 and 3, the faces of self and familiar others equally captured visual attention from spatial locations of targets. However, it did not observe a self-face advantage comparing to familiar face. The results may reflect that the face effect on attention capture is large enough to envelop the self effect to emerge. The findings indicated that the effect of self-face as salient stimulus on visual attention depends on its role in a given task rather than exclusively subject to the perceptual processes. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Task-set Effect on Automatic Semantic Activation: An ERPs Study Song Juan 2012, 35(1): 30-37.  Abstract ( )   PDF (589KB) ( )   Abstract: The study mainly concerned whether the top-down task factors could modulate automatic semantic activation using masked priming paradigm, Chinese two –character words stimuli and ERPs technique. The top-down task factors was task-set. The idexes were RT and N400. There were three kinds of tasks: subjects were asked to perform categorization task or structure decision task of the prime which separately had a “?” or a circle on it and to perform lexical decision task with the words that had a star symbol on it, which is the targets. The results showed that top-down task-set could modulate automatic semantic activation: After semantic categorization task the priming effect of masked primes on targets took place; After structure decision task the priming effect of masked primes on targets did not happen. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Essence and Influenced Mechanisms of “Semantic P600” Charlie CAI Wang Pei 2012, 35(1): 38-43.  Abstract ( )   PDF (521KB) ( )   Five key factors of the production of semantic P600 effect and their mechanisms were generalized and analyzed: semantic association(s) between the critical word(s) and the argument(s), the latent reparability of the semantic-thematic relationship(s), animacy violation, context, and experiment task(s). Further more on these bases, two correspondent theories either proposed or verified were introduced, two parallel neural processing streams and the extended Argument Dependency Model (eADM). And for the last, future directions were suggested for further research of the semantic P600 effect phenomenon: the combination perspective of factors, the cross-linguistic perspective, the influence of working memory, qualitative distinctions between superficially similar ERP components. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Subtitle Preference While Viewing Native Language Movie: The Effect of Sound 2012, 35(1): 44-49.  Abstract ( )   PDF (545KB) ( )   Movies and television programs are generally dubbed or subtitled in the local language recently. Subtitle preference or obligatory was found in studies of text and graphics integration and television viewing. From previous findings, researchers found that the fixation of subtitle was not affected while the soundtrack was turned off. Researchers concluded that subtitle and sound was overlapped and sound was redundant while they prefer to watch subtitles. The purpose of this study planed to investigate the sound effect on subtitle preference while viewing native language movie. Chinese and English subtitle movie clips were chose as materials, half with sound and the other was turned off. Students were recruited from a normal university as participants. Eye tracking technique was used as data collecting. After the eye movements data collecting, an inventory of the movie clip content was tested. Total eye movement, areas of interest of subtitle and video, and subtitle pieces were analyzed to find the effects of sound. Results showed that participants fixated more on subtitle area than video when the sound was turned off. Fixation number, fixation durations on subtitle of movie without sound were significantly higher than movie with sound. More generally, the purpose of subtitle preference was mainly for reading and understanding, the sound of video can inactive and help subtitle for movie content processing. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Directed forgetting of emotional memories and its mechanisms 2012, 35(1): 50-55.  Abstract ( )   PDF (563KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cognitive and Neural Mechanisms of Intertemporal Choice 2012, 35(1): 56-61.  Abstract ( )   PDF (572KB) ( )   Intertemporal choice is the individual balances costs and benefits of decision-making process which occurred at different times. An important finding in intertemporal choice is time discounting which is that compared to current or recent gains (or losses), people always give less weight on future gains (or losses). The computational model of intertemporal decision-making constructs a mathematical model of the time discounting function from an economic point of view, which contains discounted utility model (DU), hyperbolic discounting model family (including mainly hyperbolic discounting model and quasi-hyperbolic discounting model), subadditive discounting model, “as soon as possible” (ASAP) discounting model. …… Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress and Prospect of the Research on Delayed Judgment of Learning 2012, 35(1): 62-69.  Abstract ( )   PDF (792KB) ( )   Delayed judgment of learning is a kind of judgment of learning(JOL).When people make dylayed Jolter is the delay between study and JOL. Dunlosky (1991) found that the calibration of JOLs was more accurate after a brief than when they were generated immediately after study. New study indexes, method and theory foundation were advanced. Then, the paper introduced the progress of delayed-JOLs study, including some important theories, experiments, and new research achievements. The summarization of the research in existence and the suggestions for future research were put forward. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Prototype position effect in inventional problem-solving 2012, 35(1): 70-75.  Abstract ( )   PDF (575KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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The Displacement- and Location-based Effect on Three-Dimensional Object Recognition Duan HaiJun 2012, 35(1): 76-81.  Abstract ( )   PDF (515KB) ( )   Object recognition has attracted a great deal of theoretical attention, and a number of competing explanations have been offered.The object-centered theory assumed an explicit treatment of structure in recognition, pointing out that the latter task can be made especially easy by the availability of a “structural description” of the object. By contrast, the view-centered theory posited that objects are represented as collections of entire viewpoint. In the current study, made 3D objects as experimental materials according to the idea of Biederman’s small geons; used the priming paradigm and a 4-alternative forced choice design. The participant responded to each target object by pressing one of four keys on the computer keyboard (‘F’ ,‘G’,‘H’,‘J’). The experiment 1 was conducted with a 3(displacement level on the two parts: no displacement, half displacement and full displacement) ×2(prime type: part and whole)within-subject design. The relative position of parts was manipulated by displacing one relative to the other. And the experiment 2 was conducted with a 3(location prime: same position, close position, distance position) ×2（prime type: part and whole）within-subject design. The relative location of objects was manipulated by displacing one relative to the other. The results are as follows: (1)the influence of displacement level and location is hierarchical. (2) On the no displacement and same location level , the speed of the whole prime was faster than the part prime. But on the full displacement and distance location level , the part prime was faster than the whole prime. These conclusions suppose that the “what” representation stage can be divided into part features and whole features, also the “where” representation stage can be divided into self-construction (displacement) and relative-construction(location).The finding not only extended the field of object recognition, but also shed light on the integration between the two object theories. Related Articles | Metrics

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Bi-approached Job Satisfaction Modeling : An Empirical Study 2012, 35(1): 82-87.  Abstract ( )   PDF (440KB) ( )   job satisfaction refers to the pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from an appraisal of one’s job or job experiences. In the past studies, the measure of job satisfaction had been used to reflect the degree of employees’ well-being at work. There are two basic approaches to well-being, namely hedonic and eudaimonic approaches, with the former focusing on the outcome of happiness and the latter focusing on outcomes as on the process of self-realization itself (i.e., the realization of valued human potentials). Although there had been long term debate between these two approaches, researchers had proved that "happiness" and "meaning of the life" are two factors of well-being. These results showed that hedonic and eudaimonic approaches should be two factors of subjective well-being. Although employees' well-being at work has traditionally been operationalized using measures of job satisfaction, previous studies of job satisfaction usually did not make them distinguishing. Some suggested that, it is the tendency of regard job satisfaction as the happiness at work that account for its low correlation to job performance, cause high degree of happiness at work doesn't necessarily lead to effective work. In this study, we hypothesized that job satisfaction should be distinguished into hedonic job satisfaction and eudaimonic job satisfaction. To test this hypothesis, a series of poly-element researching methods and statistical techniques including interview, questionnaire investigation, factor analysis, structural equation model had been employed in the study. 485 MBA students and 864 employees had been investigated. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Second order factor analysis were employed, and the results showed that there was an eight factor structure, which attributed to two major dimensions: hedonic job satisfaction (including hedonic job result, hedonic job itself, hedonic relationships, and hedonic organizational climate) and eudaimonic job satisfaction (including eudaimonic job satisfaction, eudaimonic job result, eudaimonic job itself, eudaimonic relationships, and eudaimonic organizational climate). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) sustained the factor structure and indicated a satisfactory goodness-of -fit. Result suggested that the bi-approach job satisfaction inventory is a reliable and valid measure. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Task interruptions of human-computer interaction：New issues in the new environment Lin WU 2012, 35(1): 88-92.  Abstract ( )   PDF (510KB) ( )   This paper we discuss some issues about task interruptions.We try to summarize existing experimental results and theoretical results and analysis what these studies show.Then,we hope that our study can make researchers learn what has done about this area .More importantly,we’d like to further explore the direction and focus of future research.In the first place,based on the literture review of previous task interruptions studies,we present task interruptions’ background and theories.The rapid development of Internet technology weaken space-time boundary of traditional environment.Virtual settings emerges in that the interaction and the sense of immersion in network using expand settings from geographical areas to cyberspace.Human’s behavior setting was divided into real settings and virtual settings.Interaction between these behavior settings generates a new environment system-“R-V” mesosystems(“real-virtual” mesosystems).The intermingling of real and virtual behavior programs within “R-V” mesosystems reflects the polyfunctional nature of settings.In these settings,human-computer interavtion(HCI) is common. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Influence of Peer Acceptance on Personality Development in Primary School Students: Multilevel Mediation Effect of Friendship Quality 2012, 35(1): 93-99.  Abstract ( )   PDF (631KB) ( )   The period in primary school is important for children’s personality development. Peer plays an important role in personality formation and its development for children. We explored the effect of peer acceptance and friendship quality on personality development of primary school students in individual and class levels, by involving the peer factor as a circumstance variable, centralizing the peer acceptance and friendship quality in the within-class group respectively and aggregating individual peer acceptance and friendship quality as two class-level variables. We examined how peer acceptance and friendship quality influenced the personality development in primary school students on both individual and class levels. Our research breaks the limitation of ignoring the influence of class level social and psychological context effect in previous studies. We selected 700 participants as mutual friends with class for the unit, which were from 23 classes and 6 grades (1-6), using best friend nomination method. The data was collected by adopting peer nomination method and handing out the primary school students’ friendship quality questionnaire and the teacher-assessment primary school students’ personality development questionnaire. According to the lower-level mediation model (1-1-1), we respectively regarded the five dimensions of personality (intelligence, extraversion, pro-sociality, conscientiousness and emotional stability) as dependent variables in Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM), and examined the multilevel mediation effect of friendship quality on the relationship of peer acceptance and each dimension of personality by the multilevel mediation effect test procedures. The result indicates that：for example intelligence, the average level of peer acceptance in class has no a direct effect on intelligence（t=-0.090，p>0.05）. Controlling the effects of class level, peer acceptance significantly predicting effects on intelligence in the path c(t=5.010，p<0.001).Peer acceptance have significance predicting effects on friendship quality in the path a（t=2.438，p<0.05）, friendship quality and peer acceptance have significance predicting effects on intelligence in the path b and c＇[b（t=3.308，p<0.05）and c＇（t=5.065，p<0.001）] . Individual level, peer acceptance of the direct effects on intelligent is reduced to 1.4292 from 1.4978. Consequently, primary school students＇friendship quality partly mediates the relationship between peer acceptance and intelligence on individual level. Mediator effect is ab（ × ）=7.18%，mediator effect size is ab/（ab+c＇）=4.78%.We adopt the same procedure as above on other dimensions of personality. The conclusion shows that:（1）In class level, the average level of friendship quality in class has a direct effect on extraversion, pro-sociality, conscientiousness, emotional stability. The average level of peer acceptance in class has a direct effect on emotional stability.（2）In individual level, peer acceptance has a direct effect on the five dimensions of personality（intelligence, extraversion, pro-sociality, conscientiousness and emotional stability）. Primary school students’ friendship quality partly mediates the relationship between peer acceptance and personality (intelligence, extraversion, pro-sociality, conscientiousness）. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Effect of Mood on the Probability Judgment of Future Events 2012, 35(1): 100-104.  Abstract ( )   PDF (469KB) ( )   This research adopted short films technique to evoke related mood and used positive and negative emotional events as the judgment task. Under the premise of the personality controlled, the research explored that whether the mood-congruent effects existed or not in the probability judgment of college students when dealing with the future events in different mood conditions. The between-subject design was applied in this study, in which the mood (pleasure or sad) and gender (male or female) were taken as independent variables, while the probability judgment of subjects when dealing with the emotional events in the future was taken as dependent variable. Three procedures were carried out in this experiment: In the first stage, 200 college students were required to fulfill the personality test and mood measurement, and then 44 subjects meeting requirements were selected and divided into two groups coessentially. In the second stage, these two groups of subjects were brought into different mood one week later by watching different emotional movie clips, so that the pleasure mood group and sad mood group were formed. After the movie, the subjects were asked to make a self-evaluation about their emotion (fill out PANAS). In the third stage, the subjects made probability judgments of future events. The results showed: (1) The probability judgment of positive future events made by pleasure mood group was higher than that by sad mood group, which showed a significant difference (p﹤0.05). (2) The probability judgment of negative future events made by pleasure mood group was lower than that by sad mood group, which showed a significant difference (p﹤0.05). (3) There has no gender difference in the probability judgment of future events no matter which mood subjects were in (p>0.05). The results supported the suppose that mood would influence the probability judgment of future events, which is to say that pleasure mood would increase the tendency of making positive judgments and sad mood would increase the tendency of making negative judgments. The conclusion that there was a congruent effect between the mood evoked and the judgment of future events further enriched the hypothesis of mood-congruent effects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Types of Risk-taking And the Performance of the Iowa Gambling Task 2012, 35(1): 105-110.  Abstract ( )   PDF (622KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Experience of sadness and emotion-regulation strategies in handling everyday interpersonal problems in older adults: the role of age and personality straits 2012, 35(1): 111-116.  Abstract ( )   PDF (601KB) ( )   This paper explored the experience of sadness and emotion-regulation strategies in older adults, and the role of age and personality straits by comparison with younger adults in everyday interpersonal problem solving. Forty-five older adults and 59 younger adults were interviewed. Participants were asked to describe some interpersonal problems they had experienced in the past year and how they had handled specific emotions in problem situations. The coding scheme for the emotion-regulation response (i.e., “What strategies did you use to handle each emotion?”) included nine specific strategies grouped into three higher order categories, as in previous research: cognitive analysis, planful problem solving, and regulation–inclusion of others (instrumental problem solving); avoidance– denial– escape, managing reactions through suppression, and passive–dependence (passive emotion regulation); and managing reactions through confrontive emotional coping, reflection on emotions, and seeking social support (proactive emotion regulation). All participants completed Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Scale for Chinese (EPQ-RSC). Results showed that, (1) Older adults reported the same experiences of sadness as younger adults when the education level as a covariate variable. Older adults used more passive emotion-regulation strategies than younger adults, (2) the passive emotion-regulation strategy in older adults not only was affected by age, also was significantly predicted by the experience of sadness, (3) there was a significant positive correlation between sadness experience and neuroticism of personality traits in older adults, and（4）the passive emotion-regulation strategy was significantly predicted by the experience of sadness for old adults, but the effect of Extraversion was not found as the case of younger adults. Extraversion of personality traits played the same effect on using proactive emotional regulation strategies for older adults as younger adults. The findings indicate effect pattern of age and personality traits on the experience of sadness and emotion-regulation strategies in adults was different from that in younger adults in the context of everyday intrapersonal problems. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Structure Analysis of Father’s figure by College Students 2012, 35(1): 117-122.  Abstract ( )   PDF (536KB) ( )   The social validity method was used to study the representation of “father”.231 college students made free associations of “father”. The 43 father-related words/phrases with frequency above 4.7% were collected as units of analysis. The researcher made 43 cards for 100 college students to classify the 43 conceptions according to the relationship of those conceptions. The results showed that there were four representations of “father” in college students’ mind: (1) dependence; (2) morality-affection; (3) self-discipline; (4) extraversion. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Psychological Needs, Need Gratification and Internet Addiction among College Students 2012, 35(1): 123-128.  Abstract ( )   PDF (557KB) ( )   Need is the inner drive of human behavior and actions. Although a few researchers found several needs (success, interpersonal communication, etc.) related to internet addiction, there were still many people who had the same needs but not addicted to internet. Therefore, there must be some other variables influencing the relationship between psychological needs and internet addiction. Through a pilot study of interviewing internet addicted college students, we presented two concepts— reality-gratification and internet-gratification, which can be used to deeply explore the relationship between psychological needs and internet addiction in this study. The main aim of this study is to investigate the relationship among Internet Addiction, psychological needs, and need gratifications both in reality and on the Internet. 1183 college students were selected to complete two questionnaires, including Psychological Needs and Gratification Scale for College Students and Young’s Internet Addiction Scale. Correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between needs, reality-need gratifications and internet-need gratifications; T-test and MANOVA were both used to testify the differences between Internet addicts and non-addicts at needs and need gratifications; Chi-square test was used to explore the difference of Internet addiction rate among several subject groups. The results reveal that: (1) There were few differences in needs between Internet addicts and non-addicts; however, there were a lot of differences in need gratification between the two groups: the needs of Internet addicts were significantly more satisfied on the Internet than non-addicts, especially for power need, meeting challenge need, social need, and avoiding reality need, while the needs of non-addicts were significantly more satisfied in reality than addicts, especially for identity need, meeting challenge need, social need, cognition need and achievement need; (2) the needs of non-addicts were with significant positive correlations to both reality gratification and Internet gratification, but with stronger correlations to reality gratification; however, the needs of Internet addicts were with more significant correlations to Internet gratification while with few correlations to reality gratification; (3) college students with low reality gratification but high Internet gratification of psychological needs were most prone to Internet addiction. In a conclusion, the study shows significant Internet compensation effect of psychological needs in Internet addicts and it is probably not need but need gratification leading to Internet addiction. Therefore, psychotherapists should pay much attention to their psychological needs and gratifications when dealing with internet addicted college students. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Executive Function of Overtly and Relationally aggressive Middle School Students 2012, 35(1): 129-134.  Abstract ( )   PDF (547KB) ( )   This present study sets out to investigate executive function of aggressive Middle School students who are classified into the overt aggressors and the relational aggressors. It focuses on the following questions :a)Do aggressive Middle School students perform worse in the three executive function tasks than the non-aggressive Middle School students? b) Do the overt aggressors perform more poorly in the three executive function tasks than the non-aggressive Middle School students? c) Do the relational aggressors perform more poorly in the three executive function tasks than the non-aggressive Middle School students? d)Do the overt aggressors perform significantly differently with the relational aggressors in the three executive function? Concerning for these questions, the research is based on a sample of 40 aggressive subjects drawn from 898 normal Middle School students, while the 40 aggressive Middle School students are classified into the overt aggressive group of 25 students and the relational aggressive group of 15 students by Direct and Indirect Aggression Scale and Class Play Questionnaire. According to those previous researches executive functions in this study include three components: inhibitory function, shifting function and updating function. This study uses the Stroop Number task to measure inhibitory function, uses the Local-global Shifting task to measure shifting function, and uses the Color-dots Dating task to measure updating function. After controlling for age, sex and intelligence, the result reveals that aggressive subjects perform obviously worse than the non- aggressive students in inhibitory task, shifting task and updating task. The overt aggressive subjects also perform more poorly than the non-aggressive students in those three tasks. As to the relational aggressors, there is insignificant difference in the three tasks compared with the non-aggressive students and overt aggressive students. According to the researches home and abroad, all the subjects they chose are special groups, such as psychopaths, violent criminals, etc. However, there are few researches on the executive function characteristics of normal aggressive individuals. Therefore, this research extends the subjects from the abnormally aggressive subjects to the normally aggressive individuals. Besides, there are different types of aggressive behaviors, while the domestic and overseas researchers merely focused on the relation between aggressive behavior and executive function in a general way, no research was held to study the differences of executive function among various types of aggressors. This research makes further discussion about the differences of executive function among various types of aggressors, deepening the research on relations between executive function and aggressive behavior, which provides the theoretical basis of counseling and changing the normal aggressors’ aggressive behaviors for mental councilors. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOBIOGRAPHCIAL MEMORY AND SELF-CONSEPT OF CHILDREN AGED FROM FIVE TO NINE AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP 2012, 35(1): 135-141.  Abstract ( )   PDF (590KB) ( )   Autobiographical memory is a type of memory that is concerned about oneself. The author interviewed 81 children whose age from 5 to 9. The results showed that 1) Children’s autobiographical memory including memory volume, number of others and interaction scenario developed with age. 2) Total scores of children’s self-concept developed with age especially from Grade 1 to Grade 3. 3) There were no gender differences in development of autobiographical memory and self-concept. 4) The relationship of children’s autobiographical memory and self-concept was remarkable. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Researches about the Relationships among Personalities, Coping Styles and Psychological Adaptation on Left-Behind Children in Rural Areas JIA WenHua 2012, 35(1): 142-147.  Abstract ( )   PDF (524KB) ( )   The left-behind children refers to who still receive the compulsory education and cannot live together with their parents in the place of domicile. Either one or both of their parents have left them and migrate to other cities. The left-behind children are impacted by those inside and outside environment changes to their formation and development of psychological adaptation, which are being formalized and developed critically.The aims of the current study reported here was to explore the relationship among the psychological adaptation，personalities’ characteristics and coping styles in left-behind children. This paper is using the questionnaire method with 332 Henan rural left-behind children as the research object. EPQ (children's Edition), SCSQ, Mental Adaptability Inventory were adopted in the subjects selected by stratified cluster sampling method. The statistical methods adopted One-Way ANOVA analysis, MANOVA analysis,correlation analysis,regression analysis,andpath analysis respectively. The results were as follows: (1) It has barely no difference in sexuality but has remarkable differences in both grades (F=7.647, p＜.01)and resettlement ways (t=3.038, p＜.01)of left-behind children’s psychological adaptation. As the grade increased, psychological adaptation decreased.The significant of left-behind children’ psychological adaptation in boarding school was lower than those who were living in the home .(2) The personality of these left-behind children caused directly influence on their psychological adaptation；The coping styles are only have straight effect on some special dimensions of psychological adaptation but mainly through the personalities indirect effects on these kids’ psychological adaptation. The conclusion of this study is that the personalities of the left-behind pupil caused directly influence on their psychological adaptation. The coping styles have some indirect effects through the personality on these kids’ psychological adaptation. Related Articles | Metrics

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How does Non-target Language Affect Target Language in Language Switching at Time Courses? Ni -ni Li Dongping Li 2012, 35(1): 148-152.  Abstract ( )   PDF (475KB) ( )   Introduction: Bilingual researches about languages switching focused on three fundamental issues in the processing of the non-target language in language switching: (1) whether the non-target language was activated when bilinguals intended to use the target language? (2) If the non-target language was activated, then at what level did this activation occur, at the conceptual level or the lexical level? (3) If the non-target language was activated, then what influence would it exert on the processing of the target language? As the first two questions have been answered, we try to answer the third question.Used cross-language instant semantic priming and long-term priming, under semantic decision task (Biological properties judgment) to investigate how non-target language affect target language at the time courses for the late fluent bilinguals. Design: Chinese as a target language and English as a non-target language in experiment 1;English as a target language and Chinese as a non-target language in experiment 2. Method: Twenty-three native Chinese/English bilinguals (21-25 years old) participated in experiment1 and twenty-four participants (21-25 years old) took part in experiment2. Semantic relatedness was controlled based on a rating procedure conducted with 20 native Chinese/English bilinguals using a Lickert scale (1 = unrelated, 5 = strongly related). Semantically related pairs were significantly more related than semantically unrelated pairs (all ps < 0.001). All words were presented one after the other at fixation for 1000 ms. Block order and response sides were counter balanced to cancel out carry over effects. Participants were asked to finish Biological properties judgment in the experiment, which contents two parts: instant semantic priming and long-term priming. Result: In experiment 1, Semantically related pairs and semantically unrelated pairs were not significantly different neither in instant semantic priming(t =-0.423，p =0.676) nor long-term priming(t =-0.82，p =0.419).In experiment 2, semantic short-term priming from L1 to L2 was significant(t =-3.05，p =0.006) while semantic long-term priming was not (t =-0.63, p =0.536). Conclusion: The two experiments’results show that instant priming occurred only when English as target language and Chinese as non-target language; cross-language long-term priming did not occur in experiment 1 nor experiment 2. There is an asymmetry of semantic priming in late fluent bilinguals. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Emotion Influences Judgement of Learing and Its Mechanism Zhen-Xing ZHANG Xu XianBin 2012, 35(1): 153-159.  Abstract ( )   PDF (643KB) ( )   Judgement of learning (JOL) refers judgment made by participants at the end of a learning trial regarding the likelihood of remembering the acquired information on a subsequent memory test. JOL is an important form of metacognitive monitoring,as it affects metacognitive control,for example,learning time distribution and choice of restudy directly or indirectly. The UWP(underconfidence-with-practice ) effect has been the study hotspot of JOL. although many theories try to explan the cause of UWP effect, none can perfectly give the answer. According these theories, great attentions are paid to the external factors such as learning materials and learning methods,few studies concern individual differences among studies. This research tries to prove whether emotion is one of the factors that lead to UWP effect, if so,the current study also tries to explor the mechanism and individual differences. Two experiments are conducted. Experiment 1 explors whether emotion affect JOL, experiment 2 focus on the internal mechanism, the results show are as follows: (1) The first trial of memory test can affect JOL,recall and absolute accuracy of JOL by individual’s emotion. (2)Emotion can affect JOL and individual’s depth of cognitive process for study, which will promote individual’s memory. JOL and recall together influence the accuracy of JOL. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Study on the Conflict between Materialism and Confucian Traditional Values in College Students 2012, 35(1): 160-164.  Abstract ( )   PDF (518KB) ( )   Based on values conflict theory, the current research explored contemporary college students’ mental conflict which resulted from the coexistence of materialism and Confucian traditional values in the social transformation period of China. Using a polygraph to register individual’s galvanic skin response (GSR) when they answered questions about the dilemmatic settings in which they faced different values-based choices, the study found that the interaction between materialism and Confucian traditional values was significant. Specifically, among subjects who were high in Confucian traditional values, the GSR elevated markedly when moving from the low to high materialism groups, while there was no such effect for those low in Confucian traditional values. The results indicate that college students with high levels of both materialism and Confucian traditional values will experience substantial mental conflict. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Relationship Between Cognitive Appraisals of Stress Situation and Job Burnout 2012, 35(1): 165-170.  Abstract ( )   PDF (564KB) ( )   Aim to investigate the relationship between cognitive appraisals of stress situation and job burnout, three hundred and three employees selected from two companies in Beijing and Henan completed the self-reported questionnaire. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that challenge appraisal was positively associated with cynicism, control appraisal was negatively associated with emotional exhaustion, cynicism and reduced personal accomplishment. Further, the results also demonstrated that control appraisal positively moderated the relationship between emotional-focused coping and emotional exhaustion, and negatively moderated the relationship between problem-focused coping and reduced personal accomplishment. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Anchoring Effects in Differential Sources of Anchors Information: How Experimenter Provided Anchors and Self-generated Anchors Affect Dual-Processing Model Selective Accessibility Model 2012, 35(1): 171-176.  Abstract ( )   PDF (582KB) ( )   This study investigated the relationship between the anchoring and adjustment heuristic and selective accessibility model of anchoring effects by 64 college students participated in the laboratory experiment. The results showed that: (1) only without self-generated anchors, there is a significant difference in participants’ estimated between who were exposed to the high anchor and those who were exposed to the low anchor. (2) Only with self-generated anchors, there is a significant difference in participants’ estimated response latencies between who were exposed to the high anchor and those who were exposed to the low anchor. The results of our current study suggest that the anchoring and adjustment heuristic is more dominant than selective accessibility model when they are showed up at the same time. The consistency of anchor information would affect different processing mechanisms’ activation, anchor-consistent information would activate selective accessibility model, anchor-inconsistent information would activate anchoring and adjustment heuristic, which is making participants’ estimated reaction time longer than the former. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Formation Mechanism of Ambiguity Aversion: A Perspective Based on the Evaluability Hypothesis 2012, 35(1): 177-179.  Abstract ( )   PDF (264KB) ( )   Ambiguity aversion refers to that people prefers events with known probabilities to similar ambiguous events where the decision maker does not know the values of the probabilities. Since ambiguity aversion was proposed by Ellsberg in 1961 years, lots of research has been done to it. Now there are three main models accounting for ambiguity aversion: other evaluation hypothesis, competence hypothesis and comparative ignorance hypothesis. Other evaluation hypothesis suggested that increasing the number of people watching a decision enhanced ambiguity aversion, and enhanced it more than other factors that they manipulated. Competence hypothesis suggested that people prefer betting on their own judgment over an equiprobable chance event when they consider themselves knowledgeable, but not otherwise. Comparative ignorance hypothesis suggested that ambiguity aversion increases with the perception that others are more competent and more knowledgeable. If people choose an ambiguous option and receive a bad outcome, then they fear criticisms by others. Such criticisms are easier to counter after a risky choice, when a bad outcome is more easily explained as bad luck, than after an ambiguous choice. To investigate the influence of joint evaluation and separate evaluation on individuals’ ambiguity aversion, a 2 (ambiguous event vs. risky event) * 2 ( joint evaluation vs. separate evaluation) mixed experimental design was adopted. Study investigate formation mechanism of ambiguity aversion from domains of chance events and natural events, paradigm of joint evaluation and separate evaluation was adopted. The results showed that, ambiguity aversion is produced by a comparison with less ambiguous events. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Effects of Implicit Self-Esteem and Risk Preference on College Students’ Career Decision-Making 2012, 35(1): 180-185.  Abstract ( )   PDF (561KB) ( )   Career decision-making was a complex process and was bound to face in everyone’s career. A successful decision-making not only benefits the individual, but also the whole community. As the deepening of market economy and the worsening of the world financial crisis, the state of college graduates’ employment was getting worse. In the intense employment competition, it was crucial to students to make rational and effective career decision-making when choices were before them. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of career plans, implicit self-esteem, risk preference and framing effects on students’ career decision-making. In order to constitute a formal study of the career plans, a preliminary study had been carried out. Using self-designed career questionnaire, the preliminary study investigated 215 junior and senior students in two universities in Tianjin. The results revealed that: students most valued three factors in employment were: be in line with their interests, harmonious interpersonal relations and high income. Students most valued three vocational skills were, interpersonal skills, professional skills and expertise, and eloquence. The study consisted of two experiments. Experiment 1 examined the impact of implicit self-esteem and career plans on students’ career choice tendency, using a sample of 52 students, with 2(implicit self-esteem: high and low)×3(career plans: risky, moderate and conservative) mixed-design. Experiment 2 examined the impact of risk preference and framing effects on students’ career decision-making, using a sample of 46 students, with 2(risk preference: high and low)×2(framing effects: positive and negative)×3(career plans: risky, moderate and conservative) mixed-design. The results revealed that, (1)Career plans, implicit self-esteem and risk preference had significant influence on students’ career decision-making. The rate of active career choice tended to increase with the choice of risky, moderate and conservative plans. Students with high implicit self-esteem had higher active career choice tendency than students with low implicit self-esteem. And Students with high risk preference tended to active-make their career decisions. (2)There were interactive effects between risk preference and career plans. Only in the risky plan, students with high risk preference had higher active career choice tendency than students with low risk preference...... References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Relationship between Psychological Empowerment and Turnover Intention of Emotional Labor Workers: the Mediating Effect of Job Burnout 2012, 35(1): 186-190.  Abstract ( )   PDF (431KB) ( )   The high turnover rate of emotional labour workers is an important management issue recently. Many emotional labour workers experience high burnout, and feel emotionally exhausted, indifferent in the work and reduced personal accomplishment. This psychological state exerts negative impacts on individuals, induce mental and physical problems. Burnout may also result in a strong intention to leave the job and even actual turnover. According to job resource and demand model, higher perceived resource, lower burnout level. Psychological empowerment reflects an active orientation towards a work role. It is a motivational construct about an employee’s perception of having choice in doing task, having ability to perform the job well, being able to have an influence on the environment, and the meaningfulness of the job. Individuals with high psychological empowerment would see themselves as competent and able to influence their jobs and environment in a meaningful way, act proactively, show initiative, and perform independently. In this way, psychologically empowered individuals would perceive less burnout and tend to retain in the organization. Furthermore, several researchers proposed the association among burnout dimensions is a causal process instead of co-occurring phenomena. Higher levels of emotional exhaustion were associated with higher levels of cynicism over time. Thus, in this study, we hypothesized the relationship between psychological empowerment and turnover intention is mediated by emotional exhaustion and cynicism in order. Data was collected from 309 customer service employees. 330 questionnaires were distributed in total, and usage rate was 93.6%. 31.7 percents were male and average age was 23.84. The average tenure was 11.2 months, and 83.3 percents participants were marriage. Regarding education, 18.8% employees finished high school, 72.9% have college degree, and 8.2% had bachelor degree or above. Established measured were used to capture the key variables in this study. A translation of the entire 12-item psychological empowerment scale by Spreitzer(1995) was used. The scale consisted of four three-item dimensions capturing meaning, competence, self-determination, and impact. Confirmatory factor analysis support four-dimension structure. In this study, internal reliability estimates (α) was 0.82. The Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) was used to assess levels of burnout. In this study, exhaustion (five items) and cynicis References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Preliminary Study on the Relationship between Cultural Tendency of College Students and the Reaction Time of Perceiving Name 2012, 35(1): 191-196.  Abstract ( )   PDF (528KB) ( )   Abstract We investigated the relationship between college students’ reaction time to individual’s name and cultural tendency with discriminative reaction time of the words and questionnaire survey. The results indicate that (1) the Vertical and Horizontal Collectivism-Individualism Questionnaire has a lower discriminative validity in the dimension of Collectivism, which needs to be improved; (2) in the visual pathway, individual has a priority on processing his or her full name, given name and surname, and the perceptual pattern of individual’s perceiving his or her name is overall perception; (3)the cultural information that the name contains correlates with the information that gets from the Cultural Tendency Questionnaire ,which supports and verifies the validity of the Cultural Tendency Questionnaire; we also have found that surname and given name as the markers of ego structure are better than the full name. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between chewing gum and sport competition anxiety for athletes 2012, 35(1): 197-201.  Abstract ( )   PDF (420KB) ( )   Sport competition anxiety is one of the primary detrimental effect for athletes’ performances. There is ample empirical evidence showing that chewing gum alleviates physiological and psychological anxious response to acute or chronic stressors. However, it is unknown whether chewing gum reduces athletes’ anxiety during competition. To clarify the relationship between chewing gum and sport competition anxiety in athletes, four hundred and fifty-seven athletes were recruited to complete Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT) and Chewing Gum and Sport Competition Anxiety Questionnaire (CGSCA). Competition anxiety was measured with 15 items from SCAT developed by Martens and Schwenkmezger (1979). The response scale for the items was 1 (rarely) to 3 (often). Six items measuring CGSCA were developed for this study. Item 1 measured the frequency of chewing gum; item 2 measured the subjective experience of chewing gum; item 3 measured the reason for chewing gum; item 4 measured the frequency of competition anxiety during 11 sports scenes, ranging from 1 (never) to 4 (always); item 5 measured whether athletes’ chewed gum during 11 sports scenes described in item 4; and item 6 measured the frequency of adopting the 16 ways to relieve anxiety, ranging from 1 (never) to 4 (always). The mean of SCAT was 18.3±3.3, which is beyond the lowest anxiety (10). Moreover, the scores of SCAT were correlated with the item 4 of CGSCA, r = .507, p < .001. The results confirmed that all of athletes were anxious and stressful in sporting events. The result of item 1 of CGSCA showed that almost half (44.4%) of athletes chewed gum more than once a month in daily life. Further correlation analysis among the last 3 items of CGSCA demonstrated two significant correlations, one was between sporting competition anxiety (item 4) and habits of chewing gum in sporting events (item 5), r = .142, p < .01, and the other was between sporting competition anxiety (item 4) and frequency of chewing gum to relieve stress (item 6), r = .195, p < .001. Consistently, independent sample t test of high and low competition anxiety groups confirmed that athletes who were anxious in sporting events were more likely to chew gum (t (187) = 3.766, p < .001), and more likely to use this way to help reduce stress t (186)= 3.482, p < .001. Consistent with previous studies examining the relationship between chewing gum and stress reduction, the results from this study demonstrated that more gum-chewing correlated with less experienced anxiety of athletes. The present study suggests that chewing gum is a simple way to help athletes reduce stress during sporting events. The limitation of this study is that due to the surveying nature of the method, the evidence for the relationship between chewing gum and stress reduction was correlational rather than causal. Therefore, future study should provide solid evidence of causal relationship by using experimental methods. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Relationship between Hazardous Attitudes and Safe Operation Behaviors Among Airline Pilots in China 2012, 35(1): 202-207.  Abstract ( )   PDF (564KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Team Leadership, Trust, and Team Psychological Safety：A Mediation Analysis 2012, 35(1): 208-212.  Abstract ( )   PDF (416KB) ( )   Based on the new economy condition, Team Leadership and Team Psychological Safety have been concerned greatly by both academicians and professionals. The existing literature of Team Leadership has been focused on its direct impact on organization, but lack of the study on mechanism and path. In this paper, using 142 teams as sample, we select trust and team psychological safety as two psychological variables and analyze whether and how the transformational leadership impact on team psychological safety through trust. The results show that both team leadership and trust have significant positive impact on team psychological safety, further analysis shows that trust has significantly moderate impact between Team Leadership and team psychological safety. It means that team leadership doesn’t only influence on team psychological safety, but also to a great extent through the intermediary role of trust to impact on. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Scales for Chronic Regulatory Focus Measurement 2012, 35(1): 213-219.  Abstract ( )   PDF (659KB) ( )   Based on various literatures, we analyze five popular scales for chronic regulatory focus measurement. With the latest research findings, we also discuss the quality of these scales. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Personnel selection process research from the view of multi-level fit perception assessment: based on policy-capturing technique Wei FAN 2012, 35(1): 220-225.  Abstract ( )   PDF (528KB) ( )   Traditional personnel selection focused on individual competency factors based on person-job fit assessment. But nowadays researches and practitioners emphasis more about the person-organization fit, which means emphasizing on recruiters’ multi-dimension fit perceived in personnel selection. we explored the mechanism between multi-dimension fit assessment model and hiring recommendation. We used policy-capturing technique, within- and between- group design in the experimental simulation to examine how position characteristic and multi-dimension fit assessment influent the final hiring recommendation. The results showed that the four fit assessment style included value congruence, personality congruence, need-supplies fit and demands-abilities fit offered unique prediction of hiring recommendation. The personality congruence would be more important when hiring for a permanent position. And the value congruence would be more important when hiring for a managerial position rather than professional position, on the contrary, the demands-abilities played more important for hiring a professional position rather than managerial position. Related Articles | Metrics

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Recent Progress on the Correlation between 5-HTTLPR and Depression 2012, 35(1): 226-232.  Abstract ( )   PDF (643KB) ( )   Abstract: A regulatory variation in the serotonin transporter gene promoter region (5-HTTLPR) is considered to be related to depression. However, the effects of environmental factors and other genes could not be ignored. On one hand, 5-HTTLPR interacts with risk environmental factors: S-allele carriers would be at higher risk of depression or other emotion disorders when exposed to negative life events. On the other hand, other genes, such as CYP2C9 and BDNF gene, interact with 5-HTTLPR, accounting for the development of depression. In addition, gender and age may be potential confounding factors, and should be well controlled. Future work should highlight the mechanisms how 5-HTTLPR, risk environment factors and other genes interact with each other, enhancing the depression level of human and laboratory animals. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Perfectionistic Self-presentation in the Perspective of Psychopathology Zhong-Lin WEN 2012, 35(1): 233-237.  Abstract ( )   PDF (453KB) ( )   Perfectionistic self-presentation is a process of impression management for perfectionism. In interpersonal situation, a need to appear unrealistic, inflexible perfect image in the eyes of others is central to perfectionistic self-presenter. For one thing, this article explain the trait perfectionism in brief, clarity the conception of perfectionistic self-presentation; for another, the article demonstrate that the perfectionistic self-presentation facets were associated with various forms of pathological symptom beyond the trait perfectionism, which include depression, anxiety, social phobia,eating disorder and personality pathology. These not only provide more comprehensive norms for clinical diagnosis and treatment, but also broaden the directions of research for perfectionism. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between Stroke Patient’s Functional Independence and Family Caregiver Burden: Social Support as Mediator and Moderator 2012, 35(1): 238-242.  Abstract ( )   PDF (473KB) ( )   Many researchers believe that patient’s functional independence and family caregiver burden have a significant relationship. But in different family caregiving situations, the effect of patient’s functional independence on family caregiver burden is different. Researchers found that social support is a very important variable to relieve stress. They also found social support could be separated into two categories according as different sources which are social support from patient and social support from non-patient. The present study aimed at investigating the relationship between functional independence and family caregiver burden by adding 2 “third variables”, namely, mediator and moderator. After summarizing the relevant reports, social support from patient was considered as the mediator and social support from non-patient as the moderator.203 family caregivers of stroke patient were selected to fill 3 scales. The 3 scales used in this study were functional independence measure, social support questionnaire and caregiver strain index. Results: Approximately 82.3% family caregivers of stroke patient felt stress apparently. There was a significantly negative correlation between stroke patient’s functional independence and family caregiver burden. Social support from stroke patient mediated the relationship between stroke patient’s functional independence and family caregiver burden, while social support from non-patient moderated the effect of stroke patient’s functional independence on family caregiver burden. The results suggest that social supports of different sources should be distinguished when a plan of intervention on family caregiver burden is implemented. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation and conversion：Positive Mental Health and It’s Contemporary understanding 2012, 35(1): 243-247.  Abstract ( )   PDF (485KB) ( )   Positive Mental Health is an important component of positive psychology theory, and it is an application of the positive mental health theory to the mental health field. Positive Mental Health, focusing on individual differences, considers energy as core concepts and people's positive qualities as the research object. The traditional mental health will shift from the individual negative qualities to positive potentials with the guidance of positive mental health so that the theme of the mental health can be consistent with the times . Related Articles | Metrics

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The Basic properties of Applied Psychology: Analysis based on the Qian Xuesen’s subject structure model Huiyong Fan 2012, 35(1): 248-252.  Abstract ( )   PDF (473KB) ( )   Although some researchers had discussed the properties of applied psychology, we were still confused by the question what is applied psychology? To answer it systematically, the present paper adopted the Qian xuesen’s theory of subject structure which was retrieved from the history of physics. There are two debating theories explaining the basic attributes of applied psychology, i.e. the pure application theory and the independence theory. The former argued that applied psychology just directly implicated the knowledge of basic psychology into practical realms; however, the latter insisted that applied psychology have its own indispensable properties. The pure application theory dominated the history of psychology; however, it left some phenomenon not explained. For example, the basic psychology has not had the all knowledge about human beings’ psyche. In fact, the application was a re-creative process which was distinguishable from process of the pure study. So more and more psychologists believed the independence theory be correct. As is well known, it lacked a compellent theory explaining why the independence theory was correct. Qian xuesen who was an applied scientist putted forth a theory that there are three distinctive groups of subjects within the field related to physics. They are the pure science, the engineering science, and the technical and engineering practice. Qian xuesen argued that almost all subjects have these three groups. According to this theory, the present paper analyzed the history of psychology, and demonstrated that psychology also had the three groups, i.e. basic psychology, applied psychology (also called psychotechnology), and technical and engineering practice of psychology. Applied psychology, as a historical product, focused on studying key problems proposed by the practice of psychology via scientific methods. This definition determined the basic properties of applied psychology. The present paper analyzed the aim, contents, and methods of applied psychology which were distinctive from the other fields related to psychology. Applied psychology is produced by the demands of practice. Its branches are shaped by these demands and its own history. Its methodology emphasized the role of experience of researcher community. The possible contribution of the present paper was that relating the Qian xuesen’s theory to the literature to explore the properties of applied psychology. Some discussions concerning the developmen Related Articles | Metrics